بررسی سیر تحول رویه‌های مدیریت منابع آب در جهان:گذار از «مدیریت به‌هم‌پیوستۀ منابع آب» به «حکمرانی پیوند آب، انرژی و غذا»

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

آمنه یادگاری ¹

عباس امینی ²

علی یوسفی ³

¹ کاندیدای دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی،دانشگاه اصفهان،اصفهان،ایران

² دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

³ استادیار گروه توسعۀ روستایی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jgrd.2024.84996.1352

چکیده

با وجود آنکه برای سالیان بسیار مسئلۀ کمبود آب به شکاف میان تقاضای موجود و تأمین لازم منتسب می‌شد، به‌‌تدریج شواهد امر نشان داد که کم‌آبی در کشورهای کم‌آب جهان، فراتر از کمبود موجودی منابع آب به حکمرانی ناکارآمد آب مرتبط است؛ از سوی دیگر مسائل بخش آب به‌ دلیل آنکه از تأثیر متقابل مؤلفه‌های طبیعی، اجتماعی و سیاسی پدیدار شده‌اند، از جنس مسائل پیچیده و بغرنجند و در اصل، ماهیت‌ میان‌رشته‌ای دارند. این‌گونه ملاحظات، اعتبار رویه‌هایی از مدیریت آب را که تنها به اتکای قضاوت‌های کاملاً علمی یا فنی تجهیز شده، تضعیف می‌کند و برایناساس، یافتن راه‌کار برای چنین مسائلی تعیین ‌کنندۀ ظرفیت نظام حکمرانی آب تلقی می‌شود. در این شرایط، مدیریت و حکمرانی پایدار منابع ‌آب، نیازمند چهارچوب نظری است که ادراک ما از اهمیت منابع آب و شیوۀ ادارۀ آن‌ را تغییر دهد. درعین‌حال، این پرسش اساسی مطرح است که چرا با وجود بیش از دو دهه کاربرد مدیریت به‌هم‌پیوستۀ منابع آب (IWRM) به‌عنوان شیوۀ متداول مدیریت دولتی آب در کشورها، هنوز تغییری در مرزهای بخشی‌نگری به وجود نیامده است؟ مطالعۀ حاضر در پی پاسخ به این پرسش، با مرور تحلیلی و نظام‌مند سیر تحول رویه‌های مدیریت منابع آب در جهان و کنکاش پیرامون مشکلات شیوه‌های ادارۀ متمرکز بخش آب، به معرفی حکمرانی چندمرکزی پیوند آب، انرژی و امنیت ‌غذایی (WEFN) به‌عنوان رویکردی نوین و جایگزین پرداخته است. براساس نتایج، رویکرد پیوند که پس از شکست راهبرد‌های مدیریت بخش‌محور پدید آمده و امروزه در بین پژوهشگران بخش آب به‌عنوان استعاره‌ای برای توصیف ماهیت به‌هم‌پیوستۀ منابع مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، به‌مثابه‌ پلی برای گذار از تنگناهای بخشی‌نگری معرفی می‌شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

مدیریت منابع آب

مدیریت به‌هم‌پیوسته

حکمرانی آب

حکمرانی چندمرکزی

پیوند آب

انرژی و غذا

موضوعات

• توسعه پایدار و پایداری محیط

---

مراجع

1. بی‌نیاز، م.، و تمسکی، ا. (1402). واکاوی ابعاد جامعیت در مفهوم مدیریت جامع حوزه‌های آبخیز ایران. مدیریت جامع حوزه‌های آبخیز، 3(1)، 53-38.
2. سعدالدین، ا.، اونق، م.، واحدبردی.، ش.، نجفی‌نژاد، ع.، صادقی، س.ح. و زارع گاریزی، آ. (1397). حکمرانی و برنامه‌ریزی حوضۀ رودخانه / آبخیز. ترویج و توسعۀ آبخیزداری، 6(22)، 43-39.
3. Albrecht, T. R., Crootof, A., & Scott, C. A. (2018). The water-energy-food nexus: a systematic review of methods for nexus assessment. Environmental Research Letters, 13.4(2018):043002.
4. Allen, J. A. (2006). IWRM: The new sanctioned discourse. Integrated Water Resources Management: Global theory, emerging practice, and local needs. ed. Mollinga, Peter; Dixit, Ajay and Athukorala, Kusum.
5. Allouche, J., Middleton, C., & Gyawali, D. (2015). Technical veil, hidden politics: interrogating the power linkages behind the nexus. Water Alternatives, 8(1), 610-626.
6. Altamirano, M. A., van Bodegom, A. J., van der Linden, N., de Rijke, H., Verhagen, A., Bucx, T., & van der Zwaan, B. (2018). Operationalizing the WEF nexus: quantifying the trade-offs and synergies between the water, energy, and food sectors: Dutch Climate Solutions research program. (No. E-18-036), ECN.
7. E., & Yu, D. J. (2013). Comparative water law, policies and administration in Asia: Evidence from 17 countries. Water Resources Research, 49(9), 5307-5316.
8. Benson, D., Gain, A. K., & Rouillard, J. J. (2015). Water governance in a comparative perspective: from IWRM to a 'nexus' approach? Water Alternatives, 8(1), 756-773.
9. Biswas, A. K. (2004). Integrated water resources management: a reassessment: a water forum contribution. Water International, 29(2), 248-256.
10. Biswas, A.K., & Tortajada, C. (2010). Future water governance: problems and perspectives. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 26(2) 129-139.
11. Bizikova, L., Roy, D., Swanson, D., Venema, H. D., & McCandless, M. (2013). The water-energy-food security nexus: Towards a practical planning and decision-support framework for landscape investment and risk management. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
12. Bizikova, L., Roy, D., Venema, H. D., McCandless, M., Swanson, D., Khachtryan, A., & Zubrycki K. (2014). Water-energy-food nexus and agricultural investment: a sustainable development guidebook. The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
13. Bonn Conference. (2011). Messages from the Bonn 2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus - Solutions for a Green Economy. Policy recommendations. Retrieved from http://www.water-energy-food.org/en/news /view277/policy-recommendations-from-the-bonn2011-nexus-conference-fialised.html.
14. Cai, X., Wallington, K., Shafiee-Jood, M., & Marston, L. (2018). Understanding and managing the food-energy-water nexus–opportunities for water resources research. Advances in Water Resources, 111, 259-273.
15. Faruqui, N. I., Biswas, A. K., & Bino, M. J. (2001). Water management in Islam. Ottawa, ON, Canada: International Development Research Centre.
16. Federal Ministries of Germany. (2001). Ministerial declaration, Bonn keys, and Bonn recommendation for action. Official outcomes of the International Conference on Freshwater, 3-7 December, Bonn.
17. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2014). The water-energy-food nexus: a new approach in support of food security and sustainable agriculture. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
18. Giordano, M., & Shah, T. (2014). From IWRM back to integrated water resources management. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 30(3), 364-376.
19. Global Water Partnership (GWP). (2000). Integrated water resources management. Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee, Background Paper No. 4.
20. Global Water Partnership (GWP). (2002). Introducing effective water governance.London: U.K.
21. GWP Technical Committee. (2004). Catalyzing change: a handbook for developing integrated water resources management (IWRM) and water efficiency strategies. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Water Partnership (GWP).
22. Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the nexus. In: Background Paper for the Bonn 2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm: Environment Institute.
23. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). (2023). Earth negotiations bulletin: a reporting service for environment and development negotiations. 3(17), March, Online at: enb.iisd.org/un-2023-water-conference.
24. Ingram, H. (2011). Beyond universal remedies for good water governance: a political and contextual approach. In: Garrido, A., & Ingram, H. (eds) Water for Food in a Changing World. New York: Routledge.
25. International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE). (1992). The Dublin statement on water and sustainable development. International Conference on Water and the Environment,
26. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2015). Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy and Food Nexus. International Renewable Energy Agency, pp. 1-125 (January).
27. Islam, S., & Susskind, L. (2013). Water diplomacy: A negotiated approach to managing complex water networks. Routledge: Oxfordshire.
28. Jensen, K. M. (2013). Viewpoint–Swimming against the current: Questioning development policy and practice. Water Alternatives, 6(2), 276-283.
29. Lavado Alvarado, P. (2019). Understanding institutional barriers and opportunities to Food-Water-Energy Nexus policy implementation in Oregon. Published master dissertation. Oregon State University.
30. Lawford, R. G., Lawford, R., Fort, D., Hartmann, H., & Eden, S. (Eds.) (2003). Water: science, policy, and management. American Geophysical Union.
31. Madani, K., AghaKouchak, A., & Mirchi, A. (2016). Iran’s socio-economic drought: challenges of a water-bankrupt nation. Iranian studies, 49(6), 997-1016.
32. Medema, W., McIntosh, B. S., & Jeffrey, P. J. (2008). From premise to practice: a critical assessment of integrated water resources management and adaptive management approaches in the water sector. Ecology and Society, 13(2).
33. Molle, F. (2008). Nirvana concepts, narratives, and policy models: Insights from the water sector. Water Alternatives, 1(1), 131-156.
34. Mollinga, P. P., Meinzen‐Dick, R. S., & Merrey, D. J. (2007). Politics, plurality, and problemsheds: A strategic approach for reform of agricultural water resources management. Development policy review, 25(6), 699-719.
35. Morehouse, B. J. (2000). Boundaries in climate science: water resource discourse. Presented at the Symposium on Climate, Water and Transboundary Challenges in the Americas, 16-19 July, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA.
36. (2011). Water governance in OECD countries: a multi-level approach. In: OECD Studies on Water, Paris.
37. Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2015). A guide to conducting a systematic literature review of information systems research.
38. Ostrom, V., Tiebout, C. M., & Warren, R. (1961). The organization of government in metropolitan areas: a theoretical inquiry. American Political Science Review, 55(4), 831-842.
39. Pahl-Wostl, C. (2007a). The implications of complexity for integrated resources management. Environmental Modeling & Software, 22(5), 561-569.
40. Pahl-Wostl, C. (2007b). Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change. Water resources management, 21(1), 49-62.
41. Pahl-Wostl, C., Craps, M, Dewulf, A., Mostert, E., Tabara, D., & Taillieu, T. (2007). Social learning and water resources management. Ecology and Society, 12(2), 5.
42. Pahl-Wostl, C., Jeffrey, P., Isendahl, N., & Brugnach, M. (2011a). Maturing the new water management paradigm: progressing from aspiration to practice. Water resources management, 25, 837-856.
43. Pahl-Wostl, C., Jeffrey, P., & Sendzimir, J. (2011b). Adaptive and integrated management of water resources. Water resources planning and management, 292-310.
44. Pahl-Wostl, C., Lebel, L., Knieper, C., & Nikitina, E. (2012). From applying panaceas to mastering complexity: toward adaptive water governance in river basins. Environmental Science & Policy, 23, 24-34.
45. Pahl-Wostl, C., Vörösmarty, C., Bhaduri, A., Bogardi, J., Rockström, J., & Alcamo, J. (2013). Towards a sustainable water future: Shaping the next decade of global water research. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(6), 708–714.
46. Pahl-Wostl, C. (2015). Water governance-concepts, methods, and practice. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.
47. Pahl-Wostl, C. (2019). Governance of the water-energy-food security nexus: A multi-level coordination challenge. Environmental Science and Policy, 92, 356-367.
48. Pahl-Wostl, C., Knieper, C., Lukat, E., Meergans, F., Schoderer, M., Schütze, N., & Vidaurre, R. (2020). Enhancing the capacity of water governance to deal with complex management challenges: A framework of analysis. Environmental Science and Policy, 107, 23-35.
49. Pahl-Wostl, C., Gorris, P., Jager, N., Koch, L., Lebel, L., Stein, C., & Withanachchi, S. (2021). Scale-related governance challenges in the water-energy-food nexus: toward a diagnostic approach. Sustainability Science 16(2), 615-629.
50. Saleth, R. M., & Dinar, A. (2004). The institutional economics of water. Massachusett, U.S.A: Edward Elgar Publishing.
51. Saleth, M. R. (2010). Institutional response as an adaptation to water scarcity. Madras Institute of Development Studies, Available at:http://ciwr.ucanr.edu.
52. Saleth, R.M., & Dinar, A. (2005). The institutional economics of water: a cross-country analysis of institutions and performance. Northampton: MA.
53. Saravanan, V. S., McDonald, G. T., & Mollinga, P. P. (2009). Critical review of integrated water resources management: moving beyond polarised discourse. In Natural Resources Forum, 33(1), 76-86.
54. Simpson, G. B., & Jewitt, G. P. (2019). The development of the water-energy-food nexus as a framework for achieving resource security: a review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 1-9.
55. Srigiri, S. R., & Dombrowsky, I. (2021). Governance of the water-energy-food nexus for an integrated implementation of the 2030 Agenda: Conceptual and methodological framework for analysis (No. 2/2021). Discussion Paper.
56. Srigiri, S. R., & Dombrowsky, I. (2022). Analyzing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus from a polycentric governance perspective: Conceptual and methodological framework. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 15.
57. The 3^rd World Water Forum. (2003). Final Report. 16-23 March, Kyoto, Japan.
58. Terrapon-Pfaff, J., Ortiz, W., Dienst, C., & Gröne, M. C. (2018). Energizing the WEF nexus to enhance sustainable development at the local level. Journal of Environmental Management, 223, 409-416.
59. UN (United Nations). (1992). Agenda 21 Programme of Action for Sustainable Development, official outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. 3-14 June, Rio de Janeiro.
60. UN (United Nations). (2002). Official outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Johannesburg.
61. UN (United Nations). (2006). Water: a shared responsibility. World Water Development Report 2. New York and Geneva: UNESCO and Berghahn Books.
62. (2012). The future we want, theoutcome of the conference RIO+20. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 20-22 June 2012, Accessed 13 July 2012. Retrieved from http://www.uncsd2012.org.
63. UN-Water. (2008). Status report on IWRM and water efficiency plans for CSD16.
64. UNDP Water Governance Facility. (2013). What is water governance? UNDP WGF Web, http://www.watergovernance.org/ what is water governance.
65. Varady, R. G., & Morehouse, B. J. (2003). Moving borders from the periphery to the center: River basins, political boundaries, and water management policy. Water: Science, Policy, and Management: Challenges and Opportunities, 16, 143-159.
66. Wiegleb, V., & Bruns, A. (2018). What is driving the water-energy-food nexus? Discourses, knowledge, and politics of an emerging resource governance concept. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 1-15.
67. World Water Council. (2000). World Water Vision Commission Report: a water secure world. Vision for Water, Life, and the Environment.
68. Yung, L., Louder, L., Gallagher, L., Jones, K., & Wyborn, C. (2019). How methods for navigating uncertainty connect science and policy at the water-energy-food nexus. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7(37), 1-17.