Journal of Geography and Regional Development

A Strategic Analysis of Iran’s Overseas Agriculture using SWOT and QSPM Models

Document Type : Research

Authors

Farzaneh Rezaee 1
Farahnaz Rostami 2

1 MA in Rural Development, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Associate Professor in Agricultural Education, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22067/jgrd.2023.78462.1184
Abstract
Overseas agriculture is the purchase or lease of land plots on a large scale and their exploitation in countries with suitable potential in terms of facilities and production resources. Studies show that there is not much information available in this field. The issue of overseas agriculture raised in Iran, yet there is still no sign of implementing a long-term strategic planning. Therefore, the main goal of this exploratory research was to measure the competitiveness of Iran in implementing long-term overseas agriculture programs, taking into account Iran’s weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats regarding the planning of extraterritorial agriculture. Using SWOT and QSPM models, the strategic analysis of overseas agriculture in Iran was done. SWOT model was used to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of overseas agriculture, to analyze the data, and provide a strategy for eliminating weaknesses, reducing the effects of threats, enforcing the strengths, and taking advantage of existing opportunities. The presented strategies were also reviewed and prioritized based on the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) to improve work quality and time management. The scores obtained by the matrix of internal factors (2.013 out of 4) and the matrix of external factors (2.454 out of 4) showed that the appropriate strategies for extraterritorial agriculture in Iran are defensive models. Among the different strategies of the defensive model, WT3 strategy on the implementation and operationalization of extraterritorial agricultural regulations and policies for increasing the efficiency of the custodian organizations was recognized as the most important and of highest priority.
 
 

Keywords

Agricultural Investment
Investor (Guest) Country
Invested (Host) Country
Strategic Management
Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix
Strengths and Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats
Subjects
  1. اسماعیل زاده، ح.، حیدری، م.، کانونی، ر.، و یارمرادی، ک. (1394). راهبرد بهینه پایدارسازی محیط زیست شهری محمودآباد (با بهره گیری از مدل SWOT و ماتریس QSPM). فصلنامه آمایش محیط. 32 ، 125-150.
  2. اعرابی، م.(1389). دستنامه برنامه ریزی استراتژیک (چاپ سوم). تهران: دفتر پژوهش‌های فرهنگی.
  3. انوشه پور، ا.، و نصیری، م. (1393). کشاورزی فراسرزمینی: تجارب کشورها در سرمایه گذاری خارجی (جلد اول). تهران: مؤسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی.
  4. جهانگیر، م.، و محمدی، ع. (1396). ارزیابی توان توسعه زمین گردشگری غار کرفتو استان کردستان با استفاده از مدل استراتژیک SWOT و مدل تحلیلی FASSOULAS. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 7(4)،167-182.
  5. جهانگیری، ا. (1395). آیین‌نامه کشت فراسرزمینی. وزارت جهاد کشاورزی.
  6. خالدی، ک.، شمشادی، ک.، هلالی، ع.، حقانی، ف.، ملایری، ف.ف شیخعلی، م.، ...، و قربانی، ا. (1393). کشاورزی فراسرزمینی: ظرفیت‌های تولید محصولات کشاورزی کشورهای همسایه و طرف‌های اصلی تجاری (جلد دوم). تهران: مؤسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی.
  7. رخشانی نسب، ح.، و صفری، خ (1393). برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی مدیریت پسماند شهر زاهدان به روش SWOT . علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، 18(3)، 149-164.
  8. زرقانی، ه.، قنبری، م.، و رضوی‌نژاد، م. (1394). بررسی و تحلیل راهبردهای مدیریت مهاجران افغانستانی استان خراسان رضوی با استفاده از مدل SWOT-ANP . پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 49(2)، 289-305.
  9. سایت اقتصاد آنلاین (eghtesadonline.com)
  10. سایت خبرگزاری علم و فناوری استان گیلان (stnews.ir)
  11. سایت مرکز ملی مطالعات راهبردی کشاورزی و آب (awnrc.com)
  12. سایت وزارت جهاد کشاورزی (maj.ir)
  13. عرب، م.، پورنبی، ن.، براتعلی، م،. و براتعلی، ح. (1395). بررسی سه کشور آفریقایی به عنوان کشورهای هدف برای ایران، در موضوع کشت فراسرزمینی. مقاله ارائه‌شده در دهمین کنگره پیشگامان پیشرفت، مرکز الگوی اسلامی ایرانی پیشرفت، تهران.
  14. عرب، م.، پورنبی، ن.، و عابدی، ا. (1395). راهکار نجات ایران از بحران آب؛ کشت فراسرزمینی. مقاله ارائه‌شده در نهمین کنگره پیشگامان پیشرفت، مرکز الگوی اسلامی ایرانی پیشرفت، تهران.
  15. کشاورز، م.، قدیری معصوم، م.، عیاشی، ا.، و سرپرست، ح. (1393). تحلیل راهبردهای توسعه گردشگری پایدار براساس مدل «ماتریس داخلی – خارجی» و تحلیل استراتژیک سوات(SWOT) (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان خرم آباد). فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی فضای جغرافیایی، 16(54)، 21-46.
  16. کشت فراسرزمینی و امنیت غذایی. (1396). ماهنامه سنبله، ماهنامه تحلیلی، علمی، فنی، کشاورزی و زیست محیطی، 30(257)، 58.
  17. نصر اصفهانی، ا. (1393). کشاورزی فراسرزمینی: ظرفیت های تولید و مبانی حقوقی کشورهای منتخب (جلد سوم). تهران: مؤسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی.

 

  1. Anseeuw, W., Lay, J., Messerli, P., Giger, M., &Taylor, M. (2013). Creating a public tool to assess and promote transparency in global land deals: the experience of the Land Matrix. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 521-530.
  2. Araya, M. (2013). Effects of large-scale agricultural investments on smallholder farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (Case study: Ethiopia) (Unpublished master's thesis). Lund University, Swedish.
  3. Arnstein, M. (2014). Farming beyond borders: Cuba & Puerto Rico. Nofa-Vermont's farming beyond borders program: A farmer-to-farmer exchange program. Retrieved from https://nofavt.org/programs/farmer-education-services/farming-beyond-borders
  4. Azadi, H., Houshyar, E., Zarafshani, K., Hosseininia, G., & Witlox, F. (2012). Agricultural outsourcing: A two-headed coin? Global and Planetary Change, 100, 20-27.
  5. Azadi, H., Vandergeten, E., Teklemariam, D., Nyssen, J., Witlox, F., & Vanhaute, E. (2016). Agricultural outsourcing or land grabbing: a meta-analysis. Springer Science, Business Media Dordrecht, 4(2), 40-47.
  6. Borras, S., Seufert, P., Backes, S., Fyfe, D., Herre, R., Michele, L., & Mills, E. (2016). Land grabbing and human rights: The involvement of European corporate and financial entities in land grabbing outside the European Union. Retrived from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578007/EXPO_STU(2016)578007_EN.pdf
  7. Cotula, L. (2014). Addressing the human rights impacts of ‘land grabbing’. Retrieved from https:// europarl.europa.eu/ RegData/etudes/ STUD/ 2014/5 34984/ EXPO_STU(2014)534984_EN.pdf
  8. Cotula, L., Vermeulen, S., Leonard, R., & Keeley, J. (2009). Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa. Retrieved from www.ifad.org/pub/land/land_grab.pdf.
  9. Daniel, S. (2011). Land grabbing and potential implications for world food security. New York: Springer Science, Business Media B.V.
  10. Da Vià, E. (2011). The politics of “Win-Win” narratives: Land grabs as development opportunity? Paper presented at the “Global land grabbing” Conference IDS, University of Sussex, UK. 
  11. Davis, K. F., D’Odorico, P., & Rulli, M. (2014). Land grabbing: A preliminary quantification of economic impacts on rural livelihoods. Population and Environment, 36, 180–192.
  12. Edelman, M., Oya, C., & Borras JR, S. (2013). Global land grabs: Historical processes, theoretical and methodological implications and current trajectories. Third World Quarterly, 34(9), 1517-1531.
  13. Fars News Agency. (2015). Iran plans to start agricultural outsourcing in Ukraine. Retrieved from http:// farsnews.com/ newstext.aspx? nn= 1394062 3001289.
  14. First Iranian English Economic Daily. (2016). Iran, Kazakhstan expand agricultural cooperation. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/oa5V9q.
  15. Ghorbani, A., Raufirad, V., Rafiaani, P., & Azadi, H. (2015). Ecotourism sustainable development strategies using SWOT and QSPM model: A case study of Kaji Namakzar Wetland, South Khorasan Province, Iran. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 290–297
  16. Gobien, S., & Nolte, K. (2016). Land grabs and contract farming: A win-win situation? Paper prepared at the 2016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC.
  17. Hallam, D. (2009). Foreign investment in developing country agriculture – Issues, policy implications and international response. Retrieved from oecd.org/investment/gfi-8
  18. Havnevik, K. (2009). Outsourcing of African lands for energy and food – challenges for smallholders. Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala.
  19. International Academic Conference. (2012). Global Land Grabbing II. Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.
  20. Ji, C., Guo, H., Jin, S., Yang, J. (2017). Outsourcing agricultural production: Evidence from rice farmers in Zhejiang province. PLOS ONE, 12(1), E0170861.
  21. Juan, Z. (2014). The change path of agricultural production outsourcing. SHS Web of Conferences, 6, 02005.
  22. Korea Legislation Research Institute. (2017). Overseas agriculture and forest recourses development and cooperation act. No: 14656.
  23. Kumar, S. (2010). Agriculture outsourcing & food security: A way towards mutual cooperation. India, Africa & LAC under South-South Cooperation. Retrieved from https://africaindia.org/agriculture-outsourcing-food-security-a-way-towards-mutual-cooperation/
  24. Kulkarni, A., & Deshpande, A. (2013). Sustainable development: Roles of societies governments and NGOs. International Journal of Environmental Science: Development and Monitoring (IJESDM), 4(2), 1289-2231.
  25. Lavers, T. (2012). Land grab’ as development strategy? The political economy of agricultural investment in Ethiopia. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(1), 105-132.
  26. Liu, P. (2014). Impacts of foreign agricultural investment on developing countries: Evidence from case studies. Retrieved from https:// fao.org/ fsnforum/index.php/resources/reports-and-briefs/impacts-foreign-agricultural-investment-developing-countries-evidence
  27. Margulis, M., McKeon, N., & Borras, Jr, S. (2013). Land grabbing and global governance: Critical perspectives. Globalizations, 10(1), 1-23.
  28. Oya, C. (2013). Methodological reflections on ‘land grab’ databases and the ‘land grab’ literature ‘rush’. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 503-520.
  29. Sablonnière, R. (1986-2016). How do we define land grabbing? Retrieved from https://www.eurovia.org/publications/how-do-we-define-land-grabbing/
  30. Sindayigaya, W. (2013). Foreign investments in agriculture-“Land grabbing”. Retrieved from https://zukunftsstiftung-entwicklung.de/media/ZSE/ UEber_uns/ Downloads/ pdf
  31. Sulieman, H. M. (2015). Land grabbing along livestock migration routes in Gadarif State, Sudan: Impacts on pastoralism and the environment. Retrieved from https:// future-agricultures.org/ publications/ ldpi-working-papers/ land-grabbing- along-livestock- migration-routes-in-gadarif-state-sudan/
  32. The Weekly Times. (2017). China to become biggest foreign owner of Australian farmland. Retrieved from https://farmlandgrab.org/27613
  33. Visser, O., & Spoor, S. (2010). Land grabbing in Eastern Europe: Global food security and land governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia. Paper prepared at the 118th seminar of the EAAE (European Association of Agricultural Economists), Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  34. Yaofu, L., Xinhong, F., & Chunbei, C. (2013). The definition of agricultural outsourcing. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(11), 40-45.
  35. Zerrouk, E. (2013). Water grabbing/ land grabbing in shared water basins the case of Salween River Hatgyi Dam. Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science, 2(5), 68-78.
  36. Zhaoxin, Z. (2016). Challenge of overseas Chinese agricultural investment. Land Issues Research Center for Rural Economy, Ministry of Agriculture of China.
  37. Zolin, M., & Braggion, M. (2013). Land grabbing, food security and energy security in Asia: The cases of China and India. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 3rd Asia-Pacific Business Research Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.  

 

Send comment about this article
Enter Name.
Enter a valid email address.
Enter a vaid affiliation.
Enter comments (At leaset 10 words)
CAPTCHA Image
Enter Security Code Correctly.

Home

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us