https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/ Journal of Geography and Regional Development en daily 1 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44570.html Evaluating the impact of implementation of conductor plans is one of the important solutions to fix the defects of these designs and enhance their impact. Given the importance of this issue, the present study also examined the impact of implementation of conductors on rural physical development in Zahak Township. The present study was used in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The data and information collection has been collected as a survey and a questionnaire. The statistical population of the villages of the city (40 villages) was Zahak, where the Hadi plan was carried out. Twenty percent of the villages, including eight villages, were selected as an example. In these eight villages, 338 samples were selected to answer the questions using Cochran formula. The data of the unlimited exploration (Johanen method) was used to analyze the data on the implementation of the conductor project. The results of the research showed that the implementation of the conductor project in Zahak County is more about the impact on the issuance of housing ownership and possibility, the use of quality materials in construction, improving the rural road network, improving access and distribution of service and distribution of native architecture And it has an area in rural construction. In terms of comparing the impact of conductor projects in the villages of the region, the results showed that the villages of Eastern Anecdote, Malek Heidari, Hassan Blood and Kuhk had a more favorable implementation of physical development.  https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_39812.html Abstract: Abstract: The main aim of this study focused on identifying the indicators of Iranian - Islamic gardens influences on creating suitable atmospheres to meet human innate needs ( feel of comfort, aesthetics and point of view) either in internal dimensions or the external views. Personality, in expert’s believes, is to be sought in the context of timeworn structures. This case study executed in the historical structures of Sarshpor applied a 161 individuals as the statistical sample filling a questionnaire. An analytic- descriptive method was used. To collect data, both library survey and a field investigation (questionnaire) were applied along with consulting and interviewing active experts. The results showed that Sarshor is a timeworn dense structure with an overall of 63.48 percent either left or ownerless lands potential for imposing various cultural or social damages. Centric city gardens are considered as new strategies to create and enhance recreational atmospheres in the process of reconstructing and renewing the timeworn city structures to achieve modern structural patterns and to enhance the quality of life for residents who are living in these localities. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47963.html Karaj metropolis has faced a decline in urban vitality in recent decades due to excessive physical expansion, deterioration of central textures, and decline in the quality of public spaces. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of different urban regeneration patterns on vitality criteria in Karaj and to explain the effectiveness of physical, social, and economic interventions on improving the quality of public spaces. The research method is based on multi-criteria decision-making, in which the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to weight the criteria and the VIKOR model was used for ranking. The statistical population includes a group of urban planning experts, and the sample size was randomly selected to be 10 people. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by asking experts for their opinions, and finally, 8 criteria were selected as a pilot for four spatial areas of Karaj. The reliability of the questionnaire was also determined by Cronbach's alpha test and was 0.792. At the end of the calculations, the components of "Parks and public spaces targeted for regeneration in recent years", "Karaj Square area and its surrounding historical-commercial axis", "Martyrs' Walkway (Karaj Square - Taleghani Intersection)" and "Mesbah Neighborhood and its regenerated spaces" were ranked 1 to 4, respectively. It can also be inferred from the findings that projects that were based on the principles of participation, strengthening local identity, improving environmental quality and functional diversity had a more effective impact on increasing presence, social interaction and urban vitality than purely physical interventions. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_39814.html Today, housing is a basic need for households and is seen as an economic good. Housing price is the most basic variable of housing sector and is subordinate of various factors and conditions. One of the factors that could affect the housing price is high building. Therefore, the aim of this research is to survey the impact of high building on housing price in an area of region 9, Mashhad where high building has more growth than other parts. To understand the impact of high building on fluctuations of apartment house price has been done to collect housing price from Khorasan newspaper and websites of real state, from 1385, namely the year before starting the high building, to 1393. In this study, to do required analyses has been used Arc GIS software to draw maps, profiles and Excel to draw diagrams. In addition to find out minimum and maximum of house price in an area, has been used Spatial Analyst in GIS. The Regression analysis such as (OLS), also has been used to understand the effectiveness of other used factors in which apartment house price as dependent variable and seven indicators that are: Distance from Vakil Abad boulevard, crossing width, piece sizes, distance from high building collections, distance from health centers and distance from some special land use such as factory and other land uses have been considered as dependent variable. Result showed that house price has been increased simultaneously tall building in area from 1386 and 400 meters distance is maximum distance that high building effect on house price. Also, the results of regression model indicate that independent variables respectively are: distance from Vakil Abad boulevard, crossing width, pieces sizes, distance from high building collections and distance from factory, have direct and positive relation with house price and health centers and distance from watercourse have negative and reverse relation with house price. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47570.html Despite possessing unique potential in the field of tourism, Ahvaz city has not yet achieved its true position on the national and international tourism map and lacks a strong and distinctive urban tourism brand. This lack of success is due to insufficient integrated planning and inefficient marketing. In this regard, creative tourism appears to be an effective strategy for differentiation and identity-building for Ahvaz's tourism brand, providing new opportunities to attract tourists with cultural and artistic motivations. Accordingly, the main objective of the current research is to investigate the role of creative tourism in enhancing the indicators of urban sustainability in Ahvaz city. The statistical population of the study, using Cochran's formula, resulted in a sample size of 384 individuals who were selected and studied. Data analysis was conducted using correlation analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SPSS and Smart PLS software. The research findings indicate that creative tourism plays a key and positive role in enhancing urban branding indicators. Specifically, the measurement model was confirmed at a highly favorable level in terms of internal consistency (reliability) and convergent validity, but discriminant validity was rejected due to severe cross-correlation between the dimensions of creative tourism and urban branding. However, the SRMR = 0.029 index showed a very strong overall fit of the structural model with the empirical data. Only two infrastructural indicators in the competitive advantage dimension of the brand showed weak factor loadings. Ultimately, the results suggest that while the model is technically strong, there is significant conceptual overlap between the main variables. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_39817.html Objectives: a house is an essential commodity and basic need of human being, that is, shelter, and in the lack of that human life is jeopardized. A house is the most important commodity for most households. For this reason, a house as a shelter and place of residence, like food and clothing, is a commodity that would not be substituted, and is one of the basic and fundamental needs of humans. This commodity has been one of the main economic and social issues of various societies throughout the entire Human life, and governments have tried to find solutions to this problem through management, planning and policy making. Methodology: therefore, after identifying the factors influencing land prices to measure the importance of each of the factors affect the implementation of knowledge management due to the relationship between these factors; we used the combination of network analysis and Dematel-ANP. The statistical population of the study consisted of 20 elites (experts and managers of housing and urban planning department, engineering association, municipality; and university professors) in 2017. Findings and Results: Based on the final matrix derived from the Super Decision software output, the socio-economic factor of the household is of the highest priority and after that, the environmental and physical factors are in the next priority and the access factor is assigned as the least priority. According to the results of the Dematel model, the socio-economic factors of households have the most effect on the whole system. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46764.html Satisfaction with the residential environment reflects how people evaluate their surroundings. The feeling of satisfaction with one's living environment is influenced by various factors that can enhance social tranquility within the community. Therefore, it can be inferred that when individuals have a positive outlook on their lives and futures across various dimensions—personal, social, spiritual, and economic—they will experience a greater sense of security concerning their social environment. Security is one of the most fundamental human needs. Researchers believe that the provision and perception of security are closely linked to the physical characteristics of the environment and the level of satisfaction derived from it. Thus, the aim of this research is to sociologically study the relationship between the feeling of social security and satisfaction with urban residential areas (a field study in Sari County) in 2024. This study is applied in its purpose and employs a survey method. The statistical population includes residents over 18 years old in the central area of Sari, which is considered an old fabric according to Sari Municipality's Region 4, with a population of approximately 67,500. The sample size was determined to be 384 individuals using the Krejcie and Morgan table, but to increase reliability, 570 individuals were selected. Due to high respondent dispersion, cluster sampling was used. Data for this research were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. The theoretical framework of the research was based on the theories of Barry Buzan, Weaver, Parsons, and Inglehart. The results indicate that all six components of the feeling of social security have a direct and significant relationship with satisfaction from urban residential areas. Ultimately, four components—perceived personal security, financial security, perceived urban-social physical security, and moral security—explained 62% of the variance in the dependent variable of the study. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47098.html Branding of health tourism destinations is a process that affects the experience of tourists by creating a strong identity and recognition for a place, and by highlighting the unique features of places and attracting the attention of tourists and other stakeholders, it can help attract more tourists and develop the destination's economy. Accordingly, the aim of the present study branding of health tourism destinations in the city of Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of tourists entering the city of Tehran. Due to the lack of accurate statistics on the number of incoming tourists, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size for an unlimited population, and the sample size was estimated at 384 people. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SMART PLS software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that the quality of infrastructure related to health tourism, local community behavior, and destination marketing have a positive and significant effect on the branding of health tourism destinations. Among the variables studied, branding had the greatest effect on the quality of infrastructure with a path coefficient of 0.329 and the least effect on the destination marketing variable with a path coefficient of 0.298. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that policymakers and planners in the field of health tourism in Tehran need to plan in the field of branding and specifying the branding of the health tourism sector in order to provide a basis for attracting tourists and benefiting from the benefits of tourism development. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_41610.html As a result of the changes that have taken place in the last few decades, the place and level of the role of geographical issues such as borders in the relations between countries has increased. The present study with a descriptive-analytical approach has investigated the extent of the impact of different border dimensions on relations between countries. According to the findings of the present research libraries, the effective border dimensions in relations between Middle Eastern countries include 10 territorial, demographic, economic, political, geopolitical, security and defense dimensions, historical, legal and structural, border issues and actors, and technology. In the form of 59 questions in the form of a questionnaire in order to prioritize the extent of their effects on relations between countries and was provided to the statistical population of the study, which included 19 elites familiar with border issues and studies, to analyze Field Findings The partial least squares structural equation modeling software (SPLS) is used. The results of the research in terms of fitting the structural model of the research showed that the four dimensions of defense and security, historical, demographic and political have the greatest impact on the relations of Middle East countries. Border region, border line length, geopolitical weight of border countries, level of development of the border region compared to the center have the greatest impact on relations between countries. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_42323.html Geographic Information System (GIS) can be used in tourism as a tool for decision making for sustainable tourism planning, impact assessment, visitor flow management and site selection. The purpose of this study is to integrate a Geographic Information System (GIS) with a combined modeling process of multi-criteria decision analysis - multi-criteria evaluation (MCDA-MCE) to assess the relative importance of physical and natural factors to determine urban tourism potential areas in Tabriz. Therefore, eight factors affecting the location of tourism sites were selected through a survey based on a questionnaire from tourism and land management experts. After determining the importance of each factor by the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model, the methods of estimating the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) and Boolean intersection (Boolean), in combination with fuzzy layers, to identify potential locations. Tourism was used. The results of this study were to present a different approach and reliable models for identifying potential places for urban tourism, which showed physical factors such as distance from parking, shopping centers, roads and distance from cultural and historical centers, followed by accommodation and treatment centers. Order was the most important factor for spatial modeling of tourist sites. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46153.html This study investigates the impact of economic, social, and environmental factors on internal migration in Iran during 2012-2021, focusing on the three provinces with the highest net migration rates. While migration typically occurs in response to unfavorable economic, social, or environmental conditions, it can generate significant spillover effects on both origin and destination communities. These effects encompass changes in demographic structure, labor markets, demand for public services and infrastructure, and even cultural and social patterns. Given the significance of climate change and its implications for population mobility, this study aims to identify key migration drivers in Qazvin, Ardabil, and North Khorasan provinces using microdata from the Iranian Statistical Center’s Labor Force Survey as an alternative to 5 or 10-year census data. The study’s methodology examines individual characteristics of migrants alongside the economic and climatic features that destination provinces possess and origin provinces lack, which serve as migration incentives. To achieve the research objectives, a logistic regression model was employed to analyze migration probability. In the absence of studies examining migration dynamics on an annual basis, particularly considering the rapid pace of economic and climatic changes, this research analyzes internal migration in Iran using annual Labor Force Survey data. The findings indicate that demographic variables such as age, marital status, education, and employment status, along with origin-destination differences in unemployment, Gini, drinking water accessibility, and drought indices, significantly influence migration probability. The research findings, emphasizing the role of economic and environmental factors, can assist policymakers in better understanding migration phenomena and designing effective policies to manage migration flows across different regions of the country. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48236.html This study aims to identify and prioritize sociological and institutional barriers affecting rural economic development in Ilam Province. Rural development is a fundamental pillar of balanced regional development and the reduction of spatial inequalities. However, despite significant natural and human capacities, many rural areas of Ilam face structural barriers rooted in sociological and institutional factors.The research adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach and employs the Delphi technique with the participation of 18 experts and specialists familiar with rural development issues in Ilam Province. The data collection process was conducted in three Delphi rounds. In the first round, initial barriers were identified. In the second round, their importance was evaluated using a Likert-scale questionnaire, and in the third round, expert consensus on the importance and prioritization of the barriers was achieved. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical indicators and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance.The findings indicate that the barriers to rural economic development can be classified into four main dimensions: economic, social, cultural, and institutional. Major economic barriers include weak production and marketing infrastructure, limited access to financial and credit resources, and high dependence on traditional economic sectors. Social barriers include declining social capital, migration of young and skilled labor from rural areas, and weak social participation. From a cultural perspective, conservative attitudes toward entrepreneurship, weak innovation culture, and the dominance of fatalistic views hinder economic activities. Institutional barriers include centralized decision-making, administrative bureaucracy, weak coordination among institutions responsible for rural development, and inefficiency of some supportive policies. The prioritization results show that institutional and social barriers have the greatest impact on the slow pace of economic development in rural areas of Ilam Province. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_42555.html A resilient city is a city that has the ability to maintain balance and return to its original state and resume activities after a disaster.The present study aims to analyze urban resilience scenarios with emphasis on water crisis in Jiroft city.The method of descriptive-analytical research is based on library-documentary studies, field studies and software.By forming an elite panel and preparing a questionnaire (in two stages), it was compiled and Mick Mac and ScenarioWizard futures research software was used to analyze the data.Using Delphi method, 50 scientific elites, 30 professors and doctoral students and 20 current executives were selected for analysis.The level of validity and reliability of variables in the matrix of Jiroft water crisis resilience system is at a very desirable level and the amount of filling obtained for the variables with two repetitions of data rotation (high reliability) shows 96.67% which indicates a high impact factor and high factor load on the selected variables and factors.Thus, four main scenarios including favorable scenario, appropriate scenario, inappropriate scenario and disaster scenario in urban resilience with emphasis on the water crisis of Jiroft were identified and evaluated. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43012.html During the last decades, the central part of the cities gradually turned into dilapidated places due to their inability to adapt to the new conditions of growth and caused numerous problems. As a result, the renovation and improvement of these tissues is important. This research describes the revitalization scenario with the method of scenario planning and relying on social, economic, demographic and cultural factors. The data was obtained through library and field research, and 20 questionnaires were administered to specialists with expertise in dilapidated tissue issues and its restoration, and 350 questionnaires were distributed among the target citizens, which was obtained using Cochran's formula and the population of dilapidated neighborhoods in Qain 2013, which is 3661 people. . Based on the results of the SPSS software and the cross-effects matrix in the Micmac software, the influential factors of ownership status, history of residence, reason for residence, neighborhood problems, cause of wear and tear, services expected by residents and obstacles in reconstruction were obtained, and by scoring them, driving forces were obtained. . As a result, the laws and economy of the residents are the axes of the scenario, and finally, four scenarios were obtained from the integration of these indicators. The first scenario is efficient laws and favorable economy for residents. The second scenario is where the rules are efficient but the economy is unfavorable. The third scenario is favorable economics but inefficient laws. The last scenario is inefficient laws and unfavorable economics. Suggestions such as examining the obstacles to the spatial development of the dilapidated fabric and evaluating the effects of the implementation of plans and criteria for the renovation of the dilapidated fabric on its residents, as well as examining the distribution of urban uses in urban development plans within the scope of social justice are presented. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43059.html Markets from the past until now have been the center of spaces and social, cultural, etc and always considered as active behavioral centers. the present study discusses this relationship to show the extent to which the quality of the environment on market-oriented behavioral patterns based on the approach of behavioral impressive, Since there is an inextricable link between the concept of environment and ethics and behavior of citizens. In order to determine the patterns of population movements was used the observation technique on pedestrians and the observations were considered at a specific time between 6 and 8 pm. It should be noted that in order to test the hypotheses were used sample tests and path analysis of SPss and in order to graphically record population movements, was used ArcGIS. findings showed the effect of subcomponents of sense of belonging, identity promotion and collective memories with an average of 4.09, 3.79 and 3.75 respectively have the most role in cohesion and shape. Also, population movements have occurred in the main direction of the market, but they increase to the north axis and decrease to the south. It can be concluded that strengthening furniture, increasing the attractiveness of the entrance and proper flooring of the market, reducing the access of vehicles to the market, maintaining and reconstructing identical buildings, recreating the role of inactive caravans and rows, cleaning, installing signs guides in finding orders, increasing the presence of tourists, etc. will also have a significant impact on the formation of Behavioral Patterns. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43487.html Targets:Analysis of favorable scenarios for the development of green entrepreneurship in the rural areas of Torbet JamMethod:The research method is applied, descriptive-analytical, and library and field methods (observation, questionnaire) were used to collect data. The statistical population is 45 experts of rural entrepreneurs. To analyze the data, after extracting the factors affecting the adoption of green entrepreneurship as effective key drivers, the interaction analysis method of variables was used in the Mic Mac software, and finally the scenarios were compiled in the scenario software. Based on the values of the values calculated in the initial cross effects matrix from the elite, 9 factors with high impact value, 70 with medium impact, 309 with low impact and 53 factors with no impact were calculated.findings:For the sustainable development of green entrepreneurship in the rural areas of Torbet Jam, three possible scenarios can be proposed, the first scenario being the strongest and most favorable. This scenario has an interactive effect score of 418 and its compatibility value is 9. The second scenario shows relatively favorable conditions for the future development of green entrepreneurship in the villages of Torbat Jam city, it has a total interaction effect score. 298 and the adaptation value of 3. The third scenario has an adaptation value of -2 and its total interaction score is 196, which can be one of the possible scenarios for the future development of green entrepreneurship in the rural settlements of Torbet Jam.Conclusion: The results showed that with planning, access to credits and budgets dedicated to the production of green products and branding and marketing of products can be key elements to strengthen the activities of green entrepreneurs in the rural areas of Torbet Jam.Keywords: rural entrepreneurship, green entrepreneurship, environment, future research, Torbat Jam city. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43488.html The main goal in the good governance approach is to move from centralized and hierarchical structures to a collaborative approach with social organizations and non-governmental actors, including the private sector, which provides the basis for sustainable urban development. Meanwhile, the position of urban governance as one of the important strategies to achieve sustainable development is of special importance, which is the focus of this research for the border city of Khaf. The analysis approach in this article is based on the position of governance in the realization of sustainable development of border cities. The data collection approach is an expert-oriented interactive approach and the analysis method is quantitative and qualitative, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research in the form of three parts 1- Identifying the governing factors effective on sustainable urban development in the form of 8 dimensions and 39 variables 2- Identifying and examining the role of these variables in the realization of sustainable urban development using the method of cross-sectional effects analysis (MICMAC) 3- Identifying the key drivers affecting the realization of sustainable development in the border city of Khaf using the instant Delphi method and prioritizing in terms of importance and uncertainty. The results showed that a total of 6 variables of attitude towards collective and collective work, the coordination of the programs of organizations related to urban management in the border city of Khaf, mutual communication and constructive interaction between government and private institutions, accountability of city managers and officials to citizens, meritocracy in the selection of managers Urban, the exchange of opinions of city managers in decisions related to city issues were selected as the most important influencing factors in the realization of sustainable development in the field of urban governance. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43493.html AbstractIn rural areas, many economic activities have declined in recent decades and the income and employment level of villagers has decreased compared to the average of the country, so new options should be considered using local resources. In recent decades, the approach of entrepreneurship has been considered as one of the strategies of rural development and theorists, planners and executors have sought to provide new solutions and methods and continuous and effective evaluations of policies, programs and functions, develop and improve the capacity of entrepreneurship and enable better decision-making and planning. In this regard, this paper has been prepared with the aim of evaluating the impact of economic factors on rural entrepreneurship development in villages of Kalat. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on Delphi technique and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 48 villages with a population of more than 100 people in Kalat city, 20% of which (10 villages) were selected as samples and spatial distribution of questionnaires was performed in them. The final results show that the most effective economic factor on the development of rural entrepreneurship in the villages of Kalat city is introducing suitable investment grounds with an average of 4.25 and in the next order is the factor of holding skill courses with an average of 4.2. Also, the least important factor is two factors of granting low-interest loans and marketing for products produced with an average of 3.3. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43494.html Identification and structural analysis of mutual influence of smart environment drivers in Mashhad metropolisAbstractToday, in order to improve the quality of life of citizens and respond to their increasing needs in areas such as clean transportation, desirable urban spaces, suitable environment, new approaches such as sustainable cities, smart cities, and resilient cities should be used. In this research, while identifying the component of smart environment, using the future research approach, structural analysis of the mutual influence of drivers of smart environment in Mashhad metropolis has been done. The current research has been carried out in terms of practical purpose and using descriptive and analytical methods and using the matrix of mutual effects in the soft release of Mik Mak. After identifying the indicators and designing the questionnaire, in order to identify the degree of influence and effectiveness of the indicators, the opinions of 30 specialists and experts related to the subject were taken using non-random sampling and analyzed in the Mik Mak software. The results showed that the index of filling the data with two rotations is equal to 93.63%, which shows the high coefficient of influence of the variables on each other. The findings of the research show that the indicators of use of new energies and development of environmental laws with a score of 38 have the highest direct influence on other research indicators. In total, the distribution of indicators in the direct and indirect dependency effect map showed that Mashhad metropolis is in an unstable condition in terms of smart environment indicators.Keywords: structural analysis, smart city, Mashhad metropolis, environment https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43600.html The geopolitical relations between Iran and the United States of America are of great importance in geopolitical discussions due to the position of the two actors on a regional and global scale. Although these two actors did not have diplomatic political relations due to the political differences that occurred after the Islamic Revolution, they had extensive geopolitical relations, so these relations during the last century and especially in the last four decades have been of various types. It has included an experienced harmonious to tense relationships. in which the geopolitical components of the actors have played a very important role, therefore, in the present research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, following the investigation of the relations between Iran and America based on the geopolitical components in the natural dimension, which includes the geographical position of the sea, the geographical position of the land, The geographical location of the crossing, the size of the territory, the state of natural resources (oil and gas), the state of natural resources (mines), the state of biological resources (water, soil, sun, etc.), the number of neighbors, strategic depth, control over the straits and Energy transmission corridors have been strategic conflicts (territorial tensions with neighbors).The geopolitical relations between Iran and the United States of America are of great importance in geopolitical discussions due to the position of the two actors on a regional and global scale. Although these two actors did not have diplomatic political relations due to the political differences that occurred after the Islamic Revolution, they had extensive geopolitical relations, so these relations during the last century and especially in the last four decades have been of various types. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43632.html The purpose of economic empowerment of rural women is to create sustainable employment, reduce poverty, increase income, improve livelihood, increase welfare and improve the quality of life of women and their families. The programs of microcredit funds as an empowering approach have attracted the attention of many developing countries, including our country, in the last two decades. The purpose of economic empowerment of rural women is to create sustainable employment, increase income, improve livelihood and reduce poverty. In terms of the objective, the current research is an applied and developmental type of research that seeks to investigate the effects of the microcredit fund on the economic empowerment and well-being of rural women in Piweh- zhan dehestan, Mashhad City. Descriptive-analytical research method and required information has been collected by documentary, library and field method. The statistical population of the research includes 425 rural women who are members of the funds, and the sample size of 164 people was determined by Cochran's formula and error coefficient of 0.06. The information extracted from the structured questionnaires was analyzed with one-sample t, two independent samples t, and chi-square statistical tests. The results of the research showed that the microcredit fund had an average of 2.1 to a moderate effect on the economic dimension and an average of 1.7 on the welfare dimension of women members. (about two million tomans), the economic fluctuations of the market and the decrease in the value of loans in Rials are logical. Encouraging women to start group businesses, increasing the amount of loans and identifying poor and qualified rural women will help the microcredit funds to be more effective https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43740.html One of the biggest triggers of urban spontaneous contexts is the degree of social resilience and tolerance of change in these societies, which we call "social resilience". Social resilience includes the conditions under which individuals and social groups adapt to environmental changes and in fact reflects the ability of society to respond to crises. The main purpose of this study is to identify the effective components in promoting the social dimension of resilience of Sohrabieh neighborhood of Karaj city as a spontaneous settlement. The general approach of the research is quantitative and in terms of data collection method, it is based on library and field data. Statistical sample of heads of households and experts overlooking the situation of the neighborhood were selected using random sampling. The indicators were examined in the general framework of indicators of social capital, social mechanism, social structure, justice in access to social services, and social belief Research data were analyzed using SPSS software and non-parametric statistics. The results show that the highest correlation coefficient belongs to social capital (P <0.01, R = 0.542) and the lowest Pearson correlation coefficient belongs to social structure. The most effects of social capital in items X1 (participation and Citizens' cooperation in times of crisis) with a regression weight of 0.852 and X3 Assistance to urban management in times of crisis with a regression weight of 0.838 and the neighborhood bond of trust between citizens and city managers with a regression weight of 0.818.ith a regression weight of 0.852 and X3 Assistance to urban management in times of crisis with a regression weight of 0.838 and the neighborhood bond of trust between citizens and city managers with a regression weight of 0.818 https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43754.html Quality and quantity of rural-urban immigration and the emergence and expansion of informal settings,, to much extent,,, are two faces of the coin of the kind of development in developing societies and regions. One of the ways to describe and explain these two phenomena is to analyze their temporal and spatial relationship in the historical process from the point of view of the people who have been involved in the phenomenon of migration and living in these settlements. The current research has analyzed the trend and driving factors of immigrants' migration to the informal settlement of Madewan city with aid of grounded theory as a qualitative methodology. The participants in the research were 30 residents of this city who were selected based on the non-random and purposeful sampling method. For data collection and analysis, the semi-structured individual interview method and Strauss and Corbin's three-stages open, central, and selective coding method were selected, respectively. Based on analyzing the data, we can describe and analyze the trend and related factors of the immigrant, s immigration to this city under three different stages “Self-sufficiency and not thinking about immigration"; " Objective-subjective contexts driving to and awareness of migration"; and "decision into and tone practical action to migration and its escalation”. As a result, it can be said that the temporal-rhythmical variety of immigration into Madovan and its related factors are different and multiple in that before the 70s there was little and almost zero immigration, in the 70s there was a kind of limited-individual immigration and in the 80s an intensified and collective kind of immigration has occurred in this area. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43769.html Inefficient urban areas are one of the most important issues in the urban environment that lead to disorganization. These tissues face many problems such as impenetrability and instability, and it can be said that physical, social, cultural, and economic damages are clearly seen in these tissues. In this regard, urban regeneration as an approach to renovating old cities and reflecting on the idea of ​​neighborhoods, with a comprehensive look at urban issues and avoiding a one-dimensional view and moving towards creating sustainable neighborhoods can solve the problems of inefficient structures in cities. slow Urban regeneration policy aims to provide living conditions for city residents, despite the appropriate goals in this research, their realization undoubtedly depends on solving the challenges and problems.Therefore, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the causal model (cause and effect) of the challenges of re-creating the ineffective areas of Tehran metropolis. According to its purpose, the current research is applied and based on the method, it is descriptive and causal. The statistical sample of the research was formed by experts and specialists related to urban regeneration. In order to achieve the goal of the research, Delphi model and Fuzzy Dimetal technique were used. The results of the article showed that based on DR values, among the regeneration criteria and challenges, the challenge of lack of integrated management of urban regeneration with a score of (1.37) is the most influential (cause) of the challenge. In other words, this challenge lays the foundation for other challenges of regeneration of ineffective areas of Tehran. Safety crisis and low resilience with a score of (0.01) have been the most effective (disabled) challenge of re-creating inefficient areas of Tehran.Based on D R values, the challenge of not managing integrated urban regeneration was identified as the most important regeneration challenge https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43807.html Objectives: Badr is a definition of a smart rural village, self-sufficient and with the spirit of empowering human resources (especially rural youth) by using available natural resources and suitable rural technologies that lead to promoting decentralized management and creating employment with the help of government organizations. And it becomes non-governmental. Nowadays, the smart growth approach plays a very important role in sustainable rural development. This approach tries to improve the quality of people's lives and tries to respond to socio-economic, environmental and physical issues and problems, and it can open the way for rural management to optimally use facilities and solve rural problems. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the status of the components of good governance and smart growth in the rural settlements of Kashan city.Method: The statistical population of the research was the heads of rural households in Kashan city (N = 364482), and using the Karjesi-Morgan table, the statistical sample size was calculated as 379 people. In order to obtain the samples in this research, a multi-stage sampling method was used. The value of Cronbach's alpha obtained for good governance indicators is equal to 0.75 and for intelligent growth indicators is 0.78. SPSS version 24 and AMOS software packages were used for data analysis. Findings and results: Based on the obtained results, the components of good governance and intelligent growth were evaluated with an average of 3.120 and 2.643 respectively in the villages of Kashan city as average and below the optimal level, and between the components Good governance with knowledge and intelligent growth had causal relationships with favorable indicators (RMSEA=0.027).Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, improving the indicators of legality, transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, participation, consensus, justice-oriented and accountability are effective in the development of smart growth. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43819.html Neglecting the socio-cultural issues of the society makes urban life face complex issues and challenges. Therefore, in order to strengthen part of urban life, socio-cultural issues such as: development, participation, etc. have been discussed in cities. In this regard, the present research in order to select the best socio-cultural approach in the development of Isfahan city. In terms of developmental-applicative purpose, in terms of descriptive-analytical nature, it collects information through documentary-library and field methods. The statistical population includes: experts and related officials in Isfahan city, and the sample size was determined and completed with 50 and 62 questionnaires using the snowball method. 46 indicators of the trustees' questionnaire and 41 indicators of the experts' questionnaire were examined in six dimensions (environmental, social, cultural, economic, physical and managerial-political). In addition, by using EXCELE, SPSS software and factor analysis technique, among 46 indicators, four factors (environmental-cultural, social, physical and economic) were recognized as the overall and superior factor. which together constitute 66.985% of the cumulative variance of primary variables. Also, with the pairwise comparison of 41 items that was done with the AHP technique, it showed the necessity of the managers and officials of urban planning and development to prioritize the planning of regions 14,15,11,7,2 and 9. Finally, suggestions such as: creating gender equality in different situations, raising the level of interaction between people and officials, preserving social capital, increasing economic growth and prosperity, etc. have been presented in the form of space and time in relation to the city of Isfahan. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43874.html In recent years, the amount of disturbance caused by mining activities has increased in response to the increasing economic demands. The country of Iran is exceptional in terms of mineral diversity and is among the 15 countries rich in minerals in the world. But the most important problem is that the mined lands have been neglected and left alone after extraction, despite the provision of legal materials and funding channels for reconstruction measures. Although in Iran, the relevant laws, such as mining laws, refer to the issue of mine rehabilitation and financing. Identifying and analyzing these complications and related processes represents a challenge for understanding the transformation of the earth's landscapes. Geomorphic approaches and their understanding are increasingly used in mineral land restoration designs. Geomorphic reconstruction is an alternative method to the old methods for the reconstruction of landscapes caused by mining. It is often synonymous with the geomorphic reconstruction of a river, which is mostly followed using the GeoFluv method, which was successfully used by the world's largest mining company in New Mexico in 2002 and in the United States in 2005 as a computer software for The design and reconstruction of areas affected by mining were applied based on the scientific principles of geomorphology. It provides the possibility of designing landforms that are formed naturally under the climatic and physiographic conditions of the site. Lack of sufficient experience in the country in the field of reconstruction, in this article, this geomorphic reconstruction method has been tried to be introduced and used as a newer method in the reconstruction of landscapes related to exploited mines. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43877.html Objectives:  This research, with emphasis on strategic planning approach, seek to elaborate  to executive strategies for sustainable tourism development in Yazd province.  https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43910.html The general goal of this research is to know the relationship between the components of neighborhood diversity and the location of the creative class in order to achieve a creative city. The research method, survey and statistical population includes working citizens of Mashhad, both men and women, in 2019. The tool for gathering information is a researcher-made questionnaire, the items of which have been designed and adjusted using the study of previous researches and interviews with experts in the fields of urban planning and social sciences. In order to obtain the reliability or validity of the research tool, the method of face validity is used. to be The reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha statistical method. The alpha value above 0.7 indicates the internal correlation of the questionnaire questions in measuring the research variables. Data analysis was done using spss statistical software. To test research hypotheses, two-way analysis of variance (univariate) and Yeoman-Whitney and t-tests were used. The status of the four components of social diversity, including the observance of citizenship rights, ideological-political tolerance, ethical-behavioral tolerance and identity tolerance in four neighborhoods of Mashhad city in terms of economic and income, were analyzed and the results showed that the level of social diversity was In general, it is more in the neighborhood with high wealth (high income) than other neighborhoods in Mashhad. In all the components of social diversity in the ultra-creative class, they have a higher score compared to the creative class.Key words: creative class, ultra-creative class, components of social diversity, neighborhoods of Mashhad city https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_43963.html The present study tries to measure the gas consumption pattern of Miami city of Semnan province by relying on spatial methods. The study is of a descriptive-analytical type and research variables of human, physical, environmental characteristics and the amount of gas consumption and the statistical population also includes all the residential lots of Miami city (including 1490 lots). In the first step, after the document studies and the formulation of the conceptual model of the research, by visiting each residential unit in person, the information related to their energy consumption was collected according to the spatial codes and together with the physical, human and environmental characteristics of each, was stored in the spatial information database. . In the following, using 1) classical methods (scatter chart, trend line, discriminant analysis method and orthogonal tables) and 2) spatial statistical methods (standard distance, center of gravity, hot and cold spot analysis, OLS regression and geographic regression), The findings were analyzed. The results showed that the demographic, physical, economic and environmental characteristics respectively play the greatest role in explaining energy consumption. However, local analysis showed that the direction of these variables is not the same and in some situations they have a positive effect and in others they have a negative effect. Next, by combining the indicators at the neighborhood level, the energy consumption story of each neighborhood was compiled. Additional findings indicated that the effect of the variables is not absolute (except for income) and the different adjacencies of the variables have brought different effects. At the same time, it should be mentioned the role of the behavioral characteristics of the residents in the space as one of the absolute factors in energy consumption, which was not mentioned in the previous research. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44026.html The Indo-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir, which is seen as a major obstacle to advancing regional integration as well as establishing peace in South Asia; It is one of the longest running geopolitical conflicts. The conflict began in 1947 with the emergence of India and Pakistan as two independent states based on the "two nations" theory. The Kashmir conflict has become particularly complex with the two countries' nuclear tests in 1998, which has had a significant impact on regional security. This study seeks to trace and identify the factors that have played a key role in creating and intensifying the conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. Thus, the main question of the present article is what factors have caused the emergence and continuation of the Kashmir crisis? The hypothesis that can be hypothesized is that since the Kashmir region is of vital and strategic importance to India and Pakistan; Therefore, both countries want the annexation of Kashmir and its annexation to their homeland. However, various territorial, ethnic, linguistic and ideological factors and factors have caused the emergence and continuation of this geopolitical conflict; However, the efforts of Delhi and Islamabad to develop nuclear weapons and their impact on the Kashmir conflict have made it possible to make any solution possible, which will have a significant impact on the security equations of South Asia. The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical.The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical.The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical.The method used in this paper is descriptive-analytical. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44109.html The city of Shirvan, like many other cities in the country, has faced the increasing growth of the population . On the other hand, due to the increase in urban needs such as housing, transportation and urban services, urban challenges have intensified in Shirvan city, and the development plans carried out in this city are due to the stagnation and inflexibility of management problems s, physical problems, etc. They have not been able to meet the needs of citizens and the priorities of urban services. The current research was compiled with the aim of investigating the role of municipalities in the implementation of strategic planning. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. In order to collect data, library and field methods were used. The statistical population of this research was urban experts and specialists, and the sample size was estimated to be 32 people using the Delphi technique. In order to collect field data, a questionnaire was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured by calculating Cronbach's alpha and calculating the composite reliability coefficient. The validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed in two stages: face and apparent validity by obtaining opinions from professors and experts, and divergent validity with The calculation of the extracted average variance index was confirmed. In this research, SPSS and pls software were used to analyze the research data. The results of this research showed etween thn is equal to It was 396, therefore Shirvan municipality should play a role through creating the necessary infrastructure, creating compatibility between the economic conditions and the social context and cultural structure of the city and localizing the urban development plan in order to implement the urban development plan based on strategic planning. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44131.html Today, tourism is considered one of the most important approaches to the economic and social development of any region and can have significant effects. In order to develop tourism, it is very necessary to know the resources, capacities, issues and strategies.The north of Fars province, despite its climatic and geographical diversity, as well as the important resources of tourism development, both historical and natural, has been neglected, and the implementation of some projects, including freeway Isfahan-Shiraz, will isolate the region's tourism. The purpose of this research is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in the field of tourism growth and development in the northern region of Fars province and then formulate effective strategies in this field to overcome the existing and future problems and problems.The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of survey data. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through elites and the reliability was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha above 0.70. The statistical population of the research is made up of tourists. The number of samples was calculated to be 384 people.The analysis of the model showed that the strengths with a score of 4.05 due to the climatic diversity and tourism resources of the region, as well as the opportunity points with a score of 3.976 due to the geographical and strategic location, are the most important capacities. Weak points with a score of 3.545 and threat points with a score of 3.705 are known in the next ranks due to the lack of facilities and threats, as well as the construction of the Isfahan-Shiraz freeway. Strengthening the access to free tourism and also the development of tourism services is one of the most important strategies proposed to solve the problem. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44330.html The ever-increasing population of Mashhad,as the only metropolis in the east and northeast of the country, along with the growth of consumerism, has led to an increase in the volume of urban waste,as well as problems in the waste management sector in Mashhad, so the use of new tools and technologies that can simultaneously It becomes necessary to facilitate the process of waste management to reduce problems, especially environmental problems,higher economic efficiency and increase the satisfaction of citizens.he aim of this research was to investigate the current state of using new technologies in the field of waste management in Mashhad metropolis and to identify its most important strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats,and finally to provide appropriate strategies and solutions for better waste management.A questionnaire was used to collect information in the field section.Due to the specialization of the subject,the statistical population of this research was the employees of various managerial and expert levels of related organizations,who answered a total of 38 questionnaires.In order to identify the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Mashhad's waste sector is facing in terms of new technologies,from the SWOT model and its quantification steps,such as matrices (QSPM,TOWS,IFE,EFE)and in the phase of prioritizing solutions Effectiveness/feasibility matrix has been used.In addition, interviews were conducted with a number of related managers and experts to explain more and more specifically and recheck the information obtained from the questionnaire.The results show that the state of using new technologies in this field is not suitable and in terms of strategic position, it is in a defensive position.Out of a total of 29 technologies identified in the sectors of waste collection and transfer,processing and recycling, waste disposal, a total of 14 technologies are used in Mashhad and the technologies used with Today's technologies in this field are relatively far away. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44332.html Various approaches have been proposed to achieve urban balance and sustainability, one of which is the ecological city. The purpose of the study is to provide an indigenous model for creating an ecological city in order to achieve sustainable development in the city of Dorcheh. The present study is applied in terms of descriptive-descriptive-analytical nature and quantitative in terms of paradigm. The method of collecting information was in the form of documents and in the field, and 375 people were questioned through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the citizens in Dorcheh, were selected by cluster sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was formally confirmed from the perspective of urban planning and urbanization experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient with .839 .The results of the research show that since there is relative homogeneity among different areas of the city in terms of urban ecological indicators and the average of none of them was higher than the average of the test case (3), it is possible to achieve a sustainable transportation model of the ecological city with a specific model. Also, citizens have shown a high desire to use ecological city transportation (use of bicycles and pedestrians) with a high average (4.18) And it can be said that the social platform for creating a sustainable ecological city transportation in this city is available. Therefore, the proposed sustainable transportation model of the ecological city is proposed based on pedestrian, bicycle and public transportation infrastructure in the main roads of https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44400.html Based on the report of the World Tourism Organization, culturaltourism is a major part of global tourism. Therefore, it is also veryimportant from the economic point of view. Considering the culturaldiversity, Iran can be one of the most important forms of tourismdevelopment.On the other hand, tourism is considered as a tool to earn foreign currency and provide the resources needed to transform developing countries dependent on agriculture intoindustrial economies. In this research, an attempt was made to identify five indicators including:the obstacles of government organizations to the development of localsustainability, obstacles related to infrastructure, tourism facilities,support and investment resources, marketing, managerial andexecutive aspects as obstacles, cultural obstacles, religious obstaclesand Socially obstacles, obstacles related to the lack of specializedhuman resources and negative effects on the tourism environmenthave been emphasized as an obstacle to tourism development. Fieldand library methods were used to collect the data of this research,which was conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. Thestatistical population of the research is the tourists of Khaf city. Theamount of use of Cochran's formula was obtained by 384 people andthe questionnaire was randomly distributed among them.The data of this research have been analyzed by SPSS and AMOSsoftware. The findings of the research show that two indicators of infrastructural facilitiesand shortage of experts are more important than other indicators of theinvestigated model, which are more important among the infrastructural criteriaof transportation infrastructure than tourism infrastructure. In the next stage, this is amanagement index that is another obstacle for the development oftourism in Khaf County , then, the index of cultural aspects is placed with acoefficient of 0.86, and the environmental index is placed with a coefficient of 0.57. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44422.html In today's world, regional inequalities are a pervasive and growing phenomenon. Therefore, spatial and regional planning has received significant attention to reduce inequality and regional imbalance. The aim of this research is the scenario-based future development of Ardabil province. This research is applied in terms of purpose, qualitative in terms of data nature, and document-survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population in this study consisted of 25 regional planning experts and specialists. The primary variables were determined using the Delphi model and distributing the questionnaire among the experts as the statistical population of the study. Various future study techniques, including Delphi technique, Cross-Impact Analysis, and Scenario Writing using SenarioWizard software, were used in data processing. after obtaining the opinions of experts and specialists, 42 possible situations for 14 factors were defined for precise measurement in this stage. The possible situations for each factor were different from other factors, and for each factor, three optimistic, neutral, and pessimistic situations were defined, with the optimistic assumption representing the best condition, the neutral assumption representing the continuation of the current trend and situation, and ultimately the pessimistic assumption representing the least favorable situation for the key development factors of the province. The results indicate that in order to reduce inequality and regional imbalance, we need to focus on various areas such as investment attraction, agriculture, water, transportation, management, support for production, extraction of energy resources, employment, and tourism development. This issue can only be achieved through a change in management perspective and improvement of planning methods. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44535.html AbstractManagement of water resources is basically a difficult and complex matter, because an ecosystem includes human factors in addition to natural phenomena, which include variable components such as natural diversity, complex dynamics and scale dependencies in place and time. This study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to investigate the role of political management of space on the stability of large water resources in the watershed of the central plateau of Iran. The method of data collection was done in library form and data analysis was also done by inferential method. The results of the research show that the instability of water resources in the catchment basin of the Central Plateau of Iran has been affected by three categories of dimensions and components of the political management of space, which are: a) structural/administrative/economic dimension; b) the dimension of political divisions of space (organization of space); c) Political and legislative dimension. In the structural/administrative/economic dimension, variables such as the inefficiency of the executive bodies of water resources management; Non-specialist bureaucracy governing the executive process of the country; national development programs; economic activities of the government; In the dimension of political divisions of space (organization of space), variables such as the imbalance of provincial units; concentration of activity and population in geographical places and spaces; forces affecting the organization of space; And finally, in the political and legislative dimension; Variables such as concentration in decision-making and legislation, top-down relationships of the government towards stakeholders; Characteristics of legislative institutions from the aspect of plurality and independence in legislation; They are among the most important dimensions and variables that have challenged the stability of water resources in this watershed of the central plateau of Iran from a quantitative and qualitative aspect. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44789.html social equality and environmental protection. This approach to being digitally mediated has led to the improvement of its efficient and integrated infrastructure and alignment with the goals of environmental protection, social equality and economic development. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of smartness indicators in the sustainable neighborhoods of Babolsar city. The type of applied research and the method used is descriptive-analytical, and library and field methods (questionnaire) have been used to collect data and information. The statistical population of this research includes citizens, based on Cochran's formula, 271 questionnaires were randomly distributed in the neighborhoods of Babolsar city. Descriptive and inferential tests (one-sample t and analysis of variance) and Marcus model were used to analyze data and information. In addition, the results of examining the trends of the findings based on the one-sample t-test showed that the effectiveness of smartness indicators on the sustainability of urban areas is lower than the theoretical limit (3). Therefore, participation indicators with (2.87) and information and communication technology with (2.82) respectively have the highest averages, and cultural indicators with (1.57) and pollution with ( 1.67) show the lowest average amount from the point of view of the respondents. The results of the analysis of variance show that the value of the significance level is less than 0.05. Therefore, the average difference of intelligentization of sustainable urban neighborhoods is accepted. The results of the Marcus model showed that the university town and the coastal town (due to the improvement of infrastructure and facilities and welfare services and the houses being villas and attracting more travelers to these neighborhoods) are the highest ranked and Javadieh and Kati Ben neighborhoods due to (traditional beliefs and weakness financial and infrastructural) are assigned the lowest rank. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_44953.html Desert as a complex ecosystem are affected by various natural and human factors. Desert ecosystem services will face problems, If the management of these lands is not comprehensive and integrated. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the main effective factors of desert areas in Khorasan Razavi province and evaluating the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities using the SWOT-QSPM conceptual approach. The method of conducting this research is based on collecting and analyzing the opinions of the statistical community including managers, experts, stakeholders and local people have been in desert areas, which were conducted using questionnaires, field studies and Delphi method. Data analysis was done with non-parametric independent T-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The results showed that in the analysis of the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors, the implementation of protection plans and continuous monitoring of the destruction of desert areas was a strength factor, and the index of the lack of a spatial database was also introduced as a weakness factor. In the analysis of the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors, the existence of mineral resources and non-renewable energy as a suitable environmental opportunity and the occurrence of continuous droughts have also been the most important threats in the desert areas of Khorasan Razavi province. Therefore, in order to provide management solutions according to the strengths, 21 competitive strategies, 8 diversity strategies, 10 review strategies and 4 defensive strategies were obtained for the weak points. In the prioritization of strategies, it was determined using the QSPM matrix that in the group of SO strategies, ecological potential of desert areas with a score of 16.38 as the most appropriate strategy and low utilization of opportunities, international interactions with a score of 11.49 as a weak strategy were introduced. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45086.html The analysis of determining the shortest path is always known as one of the most practical problems in the spatial analysis of transportation and location-based services. In this research, routing and leveling of Tabriz-Urumieh freeway based on environmental factors was investigated and studied using remote sensing and geographic information system. Therefore, by considering the geological situation (formation, faults), waterways, topography (slope, height), vegetation, land use, population density and protected areas, design the shortest route with the least cost between these two. The point will be paid. To do the work, first the information layers required for routing were collected from different sources, then the mentioned layers were weighted using the Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Process (FAHP). Finally, the optimal path was determined using the minimum cost algorithm. And the implementation of the minimum cost algorithms showed that the route designed using the minimum cost algorithm is 5 km shorter than the existing route. In terms of construction cost, the route designed with this algorithm is 32% less expensive than the existing route. Therefore, the results of the research showed that the designed routes in terms of cost (environmental, economic and technical) and length have a significant reduction compared to the existing route and the freeway route proposed by the Road and Urban Development Department of the province, and among the two optimization algorithms, the implementation For routing, the minimum cost algorithm has higher accuracy. The stated results indicate that the proposed route saves time and cost of road design and construction. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45149.html Geographical spaces have different relations with each other, especially the neighboring geographical spaces have more relations than other spaces due to their proximity. Meanwhile, various parameters affect the relationships between these spaces, such as environmental parameters. These parameters have become important in recent decades, affecting the political relations of the actors in neighboring spaces. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey, as two actors in the region, political relations seem to have been affected to some extent by environmental issues. Based on this, the present study tries to examine and analyze the political relations between the two countries from an environmental geopolitical perspective. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The method of data analysis is based on library and field information (questionnaire) in the form of content analysis and statistics through the Mick Mac software system and Scenario Wizard. The results of studies and analysis of theories show that 35 indicators, directly and indirectly, affect Iran-Turkey relations from an environmental geopolitical perspective, which are in the form of five dimensions (water resources, soil resources, Vegetation, climate, living species). Using the Mick Mac method, 9 factors were extracted as key factors affecting Iran-Turkey relations, and in the process of analyzing research scenarios, 10100 possible situations were presented by scenario wizard software. 9 strong scenarios with 3 scenarios of favorable and very favorable situations, 3 scenarios with moderate situations, and also 3 scenarios with critical situations and catastrophes according to Iran-Turkey relations from the environmental aspect are presented. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45212.html The central core of cities is the starting point of the culture and creation of every city, which introduces itself as the city's identity and birth certificate. Paying attention to the historical and cultural potentials with an emphasis on the culture of the resident people is what creative tourism proposes as a successful solution in historical re-creation. The aim of this research is to identify the influencing factors in the creative tourism model based on the approach of recreating the historical texture in Golestan Sabzevar neighborhood. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and based on survey studies using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the research consists of the residents of Koi Golestan, Sabzevar city, which is more than 5800 people. Based on the calculation of Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated as 380 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed through elite society and reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.92. Finally, a creative tourism model based on the approach of historical recreation was developed from 6 important and effective criteria including: participation, cultural attractions and industries, innovation and value creation, cultural heritage protection, creative economy and welfare facilities, which was developed using Friedman's test and taxonomy method. Cultural industries and innovation in the historical context of Golestan Sabzevar neighborhood have the greatest impact on effective revitalization. The model of creative tourism can, by taking advantage of the cultural industries and the potential capacity of creative processes in the historical fabric of the city, cause the growth of the creative economy and provide the possibility of cooperation between tourists and residents, and be the cause of effective revitalization in the re-creation of the historical fabric. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45316.html The attempt of the present study is to evaluate the travel pattern of the customers of Janbaz Square shopping centers to show what time-motion pattern the customers' movements follow? A descriptive-analytical study and research variables (based on a conceptual model) including 1) features related to trip production (number and length of trip), 2) mode of transportation (private car, public car, Snap, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.) ) and 3) it is travel time. For this purpose, after document studies, relevant data was collected by visiting shopping centers in person and completing 250 questionnaires from their customers. In addition, simultaneously with the creation of the statistical information database in Spss, the location information database was also created in the GIS environment and georeferencing the location of the customers on the Mashhad city layer. Then, using statistical (orthogonal tables) and spatial (center of gravity, standard distance ellipse and network analysis) data analysis was done. The results showed that the total daily trip produced by customers is equal to 117,250 kilometers and the average length of each trip is 5.5 kilometers, which is mainly done by public transportation (with 35.6% of trips). Also, the spatial distribution of customers showed their non-compliance with the population distribution of Mashhad. on the other hand; Although the time-movement pattern of customers showed their predominant tendency towards weekend days, the results showed that the average length of customers' journey is longer in the early and middle days of the week. Also, while the customers at the end of the week often included the surrounding area of shopping malls, in the early and middle days of the week, there was a greater tendency to go to shopping centers than in other parts of Mashhad, which indicated a wider range of customers in the early and middle days of the week. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45457.html This research aims to simulate land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Herat City. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Using the neural network and Markov chain model (CA Markov) and Land Change Modeler, land use changes were examined for 2000, 2010, and 2021, and predictions were made for 2021-2030. First, Landsat satellite images for 2000, 2010, and 2021 were downloaded for the study area from the USGS website. After extracting the area using ArcGIS and TerrSet software, the images were classified into seven land use categories using the Supervised Classification Method and Maximum Likelihood Estimation technique. During the 2000-2010 period, the percentage changes in barren land along riverbeds (2386%), water bodies (72%), and built-up land (57%) were positive. These years coincide with the period of Afghanistan's liberation from the Taliban, during which the influx of internal and external migrants to Herat city increased significantly. Additionally, during the 2010-2021 period, the percentage changes in clay barren land (134%), sandy barren land (40%), and built-up land (3.7%) were positive, corresponding with the growth of Herat City. The land use change prediction for the 2021-2030 period, using the Land Change Modeler and CA Markov Chain Models, indicates that clay barren land (15.7%) and built-up land (2.8%) will experience positive changes and increase in area. Only green space land use will face negative changes and a decrease in area (2.8%-). Spatial and temporal analysis shows that land use changes in Herat city are shifting from agricultural land, green spaces, water, and riverbank areas towards built-up and barren lands. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45479.html Globally, despite increasing urbanization, extreme poverty remains a rural phenomenon. Of the 1.2 billion very poor people in the world, 75% live in rural areas and most of them depend on agriculture, forestry, fisheries and related activities for survival. Rural tourism has been mentioned as the basis of development and reduction of poverty in rural areas and has led to the development of various activities in economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions in rural areas. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the change and evolution of tourism development on reducing poverty in rural areas. The purpose of this research is to investigate the change and evolution of tourism development on the reduction of rural poverty in Darb Gonbad village of Kohdasht city. The current research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. The preparation of the required data is based on the field method. The statistical population of this research is the population of 5 villages that attract tourism in Darb Gonbad village, and using Cochran's formula, the number of 189 questionnaires was determined as the sample size and randomly distributed among the people in the study area. Also, data analysis was done using Spss software (descriptive and inferential statistics). The results of this research show that the level of tourism development in the studied villages is higher than average. Also, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the level of tourism development in villages (p value>/005). Therefore, in general, it can be said that there is a significant direct relationship between the development of tourism and the reduction of rural poverty. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45517.html In recent decades, we have witnessed a dramatic urban growth and, as a result, a number of urban environmental problems. This has demonstrated the need for new approaches in urban planning. Meanwhile, the “ecological city” as a new model seeks to balance and sustainability in cities through consideration of environmental considerations, social justice and economic dynamism. Although many cities have extensive ecological capabilities and cognitive boom potential, they have moved away from the path of sustainability and ecological balance due to the sudden population growth. The city of Kashmir is a good example in this regard. Although the city has desirable natural and human capabilities, it has remained ignorant of this approach, so the current research is pursuing it with future research techniques and analytical methods - describing scenarios for achieving an ecological city in the city of Kashmir. The findings of the study are divided into three sections: 1- Identification of key factors of ecological urban feasibility in the city of Kashmir 2- Identifications of key advancements that are effective in the realization of the ecological city in the town of Kashmir using the Intermediate Impact Analysis Method (MICMAC) 3- Examination of potential key advanced situations and determination of desired scenarios using the method of inter-impact analysis. (Scenario Wizard). The results of the research indicate that among the 36 variables examined in the city of Kashmir in the case of increased respect for nature, enhanced sense of local affinity among citizens, increased preparation of urban development plans with an ecological focus, special attention to the customs of indigenous people, strengthening and maximum attention to adaptation of the city to climate change and increased use of the desired scenario renewable energy is achieved and the city is placed on the path to achieving the ecological city. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45688.html AbstractIn the process of achieving sustainable development, there is less direct reference to sustainable housing, but the planners and policy makers of the housing sector need to investigate and target suitable and sustainable housing in sustainable rural development . Achieving sustainable housing in rural areas is considered one of the most important indicators of quality of life and ease of access to a sense of security, in this regard, despite the fact that the issue of security in any society is a complex category with diverse and numerous social, economic and cultural dimensions, the lack of Security and, as a result, the lack of feeling of security in the villages, has caused anomalies such as their migration to cities, marginalization and creating a state of passivity in people, loss of creativity, indifference and mistrust-based behaviors. This research was designed and implemented with the aim of analyzing the role of sustainable rural housing in rural households' sense of security. In terms of the type of applied research and in terms of descriptive-analytical nature, the current research is the method of collecting library and field information (questionnaire); Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean and frequency distribution) and inferential statistics in SPSS and LISREL software . The statistical population of the current research is the households of South Estrabad in Gorgan city. The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was determined as the sample size of 341 people using Cochran's formula. The results of this research showed that the physical, environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable housing have a positive and significant effect on the sense of security of rural households, so that among the dimensions of sustainable housing, the social dimension has the greatest impact on the sense of security with a path coefficient of 0.52. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45758.html Cities around the world are trying to increase their marketing activities to increase tourists and visitors and differentiate themselves from other cities. The main task of this research is to identify the factors that shape urban branding; by identifying these factors by interpretive structural modeling to determine the synergistic relationship between the factors.The present study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of method. The statistical population consisted of university professors and experts in the field of research who were selected by purposive sampling method. Research implementation was selected. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and confirmed. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, using a new analytical methodology of interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the relationships between the factors were determined and integrated. Finally, using MICMAC analysis, the factors were analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other factors. The results of the interpretive structural model of urban branding showed that the obtained model includes four levels and the factors of urban and architectural attractions, unique features and assets of the city and the quality of infrastructure and public facilities of the main city. The most influential factors on urban branding that should be emphasized in the first place, in other words, any action to create urban branding, requires the groundwork for the proper implementation of these factors and the promotion of these factors. The factors of attachment and sense of place in this system are passive and are influenced by other factors in relation to the concept of urban branding. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45768.html Healthcare services were of great importance during the Covid-19 pandemic. Since access to healthcare services and the quality of access to these services are important components of health, the present research evaluates the actions of rural healthcare centers in this regard during the covid-19 epidemic in the central part of Mashhad county. The research method is descriptive, analytical and of the type of applied research. Information was collected in two ways, documentary and field. In this research, 10 villages were randomly selected from the total of 66 villages with health care centers in the central part of Mashhad county, which have registered positive statistics of Covid-19. The unit of analysis was 181 people from rural households in the sample villages. The quality of health care centers was quantified with the help of 12 indicators under the four components of responsiveness, safety, effectiveness and cost of services. Also, access to health care services was investigated with the help of 13 indicators under the three components of geographical access, usability, and access to protective facilities. The results showed that about 40% of the heads of the investigated households were infected with Covid-19, and in 10% of the investigated households, all family members were infected with Covid-19, and only 38% of the infected went to rural health centers. Also, 4% of the surveyed households have died due to covid-19, which is a high figure compared to the general statistics of the country. According to the findings, villagers' access to health care services in the face of Covid-19 is significantly lower than the theoretical average with an average of 2.89 on the Likert scale. Also, the quality of health care services with an average of 3.08 is not significantly different from the theoretical average and is evaluated as average. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45953.html Today,the development of tourism in cities is very important as a clean and growing industry. Therefore, for cities like the holy Mashhad, which have an outstanding pilgrimage aspect, it is necessary to create a complete image based on all capacities, to create the ground for converting pilgrims into tourists, in order to achieve the goals of income generation and job creation and the development of the tourism industry. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions and components affecting the formation of the image of urban destinations with regard to all available capacities.The present research is developmental-applied in terms of its purpose and is included in mixed research.In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with experts and thematic analysis technique were used. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 18 experts who were purposefully selected by snowball method. In the quantitative stage, in order to validate the model, confirmatory factor analysis method and Smart PLS software were used. For this purpose, 115 managers and experts of Mashhad Municipality, Astan Quds Razavi and the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Khorasan Razavi, who were selected by simple random sampling method, were asked for their opinion using a researcher-made questionnaire. Based on the findings of the theme analysis, 13 basic themes and 4 organizing themes including infrastructure, attractions, services and general characteristics of the city were identified for the destination image. Also, the findings of the quantitative part also showed that the identified variables are confirmed. Finally, the results of the research showed that in introducing the image of urban destinations such as Mashhad, other tourism capacities should be introduced in addition to prominent attractions such as the Razavi Shrine in order to provide the possibility of forming a more complete and realistic image. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45967.html Rural Good governance is a comprehensive framework for the efficiency of the spatial planning and policy system. The present study analyzed the factors affecting rural good governance in the policy-making and spatial planning system of Khuzestan province. In terms of purpose, this study was applied research, in terms of nature and methodology, it was descriptive-analytical, and in terms of data collection, it was done by documentary and survey methods. To achieve this, 340 sub-categories were extracted in the form of eight categories explaining rural good governance in the province by data analysis of regional documents related to the research topic in the province. According to the content of the questions, a group of 35 people consisting of experts from seven organizations of Khuzestan province was considered to answer the questionnaire. To know the status of rural good governance categories in the province, the results of the final coefficients of the categories obtained from the average weights of a set of weighting methods of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) showed that the categories of legality, efficiency and effectiveness, justice and participation categories gained the largest share in rural good governance in Khuzestan province. To determine the level of rural good governance, the results of the methods of aggregation of coefficients of fuzzy MCDM methods showed that the counties of Ahvaz, Dezful, and Behbahan had the best status and the three counties of Ramshir, Haftgel, and Seydun got the lowest position among all the counties. The results of the combination of fuzzy MCDM methods in the geographic information system (GIS) environment to spatially display the general state of rural good governance in the province's counties showed that the share of appropriate, medium, and inappropriate levels was respectively 40.0% or twelve counties, 23.3% or seven counties and 36.7% or eleven counties. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_45976.html In recent decades rapid urban growth, along with the concentration of other man-made uses around cities, has caused a change in the use of prime lands. Inattention to the planning and assessment of suitable land for urban development can bring a lot of economic and environmental damages in the future. This study was carried out with a applied purpose and a descriptive and analytical nature to evaluate suitable lands for urban development in the central part of Sabzevar county. The research approach is multi-criteria decision-making (MCE) with a combination of indicators including land use, proximity to built-up urban areas, distance from the fault, proximity to communication routes, slope, elevation levels, sensitivity to soil erosion, Areas exposed to flooding, in the direction of the slope, close to the power transmission lines that done in ARCGIS and TERRSET software. The research method of this study is a combination of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) techniques. In order to weight the research indicators, university experts and officials of Sabzevar county were asked for their opinions. The research results showed five different scenarios for the evaluation of land suitable for urban development of sabzevar city. According to resalts, for suitable lands for urban development, the scenario near AND with a preference factor (a) of 2, which has a low level of risk tolerance, is suggested. In this scenario, the favorable areas for urban development are equal to 25127 hectares (11% of the total area). In addition in all scenarios, the lands east of Sabzevar city along Imam Reza highway (Sabzevar-Nishabour transportation road) and south of Sabzevar -Bardskan transportation axis are emphasized for urban development. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46038.html Today Guidance Projects seeks to improve the quality of the environment with the goals of organizing and modifying the existing structure, determining the extent and location of future expansion, and how to use the land for various functions. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to analyze and evaluate the success rate of the implementation of Guidance Projects on the feeling of belonging to a place and achieving this goal. The current research is a field survey in terms of descriptive-analytical nature and in terms of data collection methods. For this purpose, after examining the theoretical and library foundations, research variables and indicators have been extracted, and in the field study phase, the required data has been collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Shusef village is one of the villages of Shusef section of Nehbandan city, South Khorasan province. This village has 56 inhabited villages, of which 15 villages have been studied. The results of the data analysis show that each variable mean of the sense of belonging to a place in all three dimensions with the priority of the identity dimension among the samples was significant and above the median value, and the effects of the socio-cultural dimension of Guidance Projects were more than other dimensions. The results of the correlation test between the variable of the effects of the Guidance Projects implementation and the sense of belonging to a place show that the economic, social and environmental variables have a stronger relationship with the sense of belonging to a place. The results of the structural equation model in PLS software show that all the variables of the effects of the conductor design have been able to greatly affect the feeling of belonging to the place. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46079.html Spatial expansion without planning and immigration to the city of Zahedan has led to the formation of marginal structures and crowding in the old structures of the city.. This city, like the big cities of the country, suffers from the problems caused by the organization of worn-out structures. One of the important things in reducing the problems caused by it is organizing the neighborhoods and identifying the challenges facing the organization of worn-out tissues. Therefore, in the present research, he analyzed the challenges of organizing worn out and inefficient structures on the outskirts of Zahedan city.The current research is part of qualitative methods in terms of practical purpose and method. The data collection tool was a structured interview. The statistical population included university experts and urban planning experts, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method and 15 experts with theoretical saturation. In order to analyze the data, qualitative analysis and grand theory were used in the form of three stages of open, central and selective codingIn order to analyze the data, qualitative analysis and grand theory were used in the form of three stages of open, central and selective coding. Coding of the interviews was done with Max Quda software version 2020. The results of the research on the challenges of organizing worn-out and inefficient tissues of Zahedan city by using coding led to the identification of 67 concepts in the form of open coding, 49 central categories and sub-challenges in the form of central coding and 6 selective categories and main challenges in The coding format was selected https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46241.html Land use changes, especially the reduction of forest cover, are one of the most important environmental challenges of our time. The decrease in forest cover has resulted in a rise in greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion, decreased water resources, and the loss of wildlife habitats. This study aimed to investigate the changes in vegetation cover in Arasbaran forests, one of Iran's most valuable biosphere reserves, over 10 years (2015 to 2024). To evaluate various land use and land cover types, including forests, pastures, barren lands, residential areas, and water bodies, Landsat 8 satellite imagery was employed using an object-oriented approach. The results indicated that the most significant changes occurred in pastures and barren lands, with approximately 58,761.2 hectares added to barren lands and 59,484.15 hectares reduced from pastures over the past decade. After water resources, The forest sector of the study area underwent the fewest changes, which decreased from 105,341.4 to 101,863.7, and the area of forests in the region decreased by about 3,477.7 hectares over 10 years. Also, based on the results obtained, the highest overall accuracy was in 2016 with a value of 0.991, the lowest was in 2017 with a value of 0.967, and the highest Kappa coefficient was in 2020 with a value of 0.982, while the lowest was in 2018 with a value of 0.939. The findings of this study on land use changes in Arasbaran forests are crucial for sustainable planning and protection of this valuable ecosystem. By identifying factors that influence land use changes and predicting future trends, we can implement effective management measures to preserve biodiversity, control soil erosion, conserve water resources, and mitigate the impacts of climate change. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46295.html The current cities of the world face greater challenges in achieving security due to population growth and increasing complexity. Various factors contribute to the creation of a safe city. The smart city, built on the foundation of information and communication technology, aims to address problems, particularly in establishing security in cities, through intelligent methods. Urban management considers the realization of smart solutions as a way to manage increasing pressures. The objective of this research is to elucidate the urban security landscape using the indicators of a smart city in Semnan. In this study, the necessary information was gathered through library and documentary methods as well as field research and direct observation. The statistical population consists of the residents of Semnan city, with a sample size estimated at 384 individuals based on Morgan's sampling table. According to the results of the analyses, the regression correlation coefficient from the simultaneous relationship between the dimensions of the smart city and urban security in Semnan indicates a strong relationship between these dimensions. The coefficient of determination shows that 58% of the variance in urban security in Semnan is explained by the dimensions of the smart city. Therefore, it can be said that the dimensions of the smart city theory have an impact on the development of urban security in Semnan. Additionally, the t-value obtained from SPSS software was negative, indicating that the average level of urban security is low, and from the perspective of respondents and citizens, Semnan is perceived as unfavorable in this regard. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46326.html Urban neighborhoods have undergone many structural and functional changes due to their intense impact on rapid urbanization. District 6 has also undergone urban changes over the years, leading to changes in use from residential to administrative-service uses . The gradual dominance of work and activity centers in residential areas and severe physical compaction, has largely led to neglect of the urban life . Therefore, with the aim of improving the quality of life and urban life in the 6th district, this research seeks to answer the question, what are the reasons for the administrative-service development of the 6th district of Tehran Municipality ? The research method is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the nature of the data, mixed research. Also, the factors of administrative-service transformation of the region have been identified using thematic analysis method. The results of the research indicate that the factors of administrative-service transformation of Region 6 can be categorized into five main themes: centrality (18.31%), politics and laws (13.18%) , land economy (38.56%) , access (23.09%) , and settlement (6.84%). Over time since the approval of the master plan, administrative use has increased by 55.43% and higher education use by 88.4% in the region. The continuation of the current trend will lead to consequences such as the growth of administrative-service uses and the decrease in housing, the increase in land prices and the change in the demographic structure, the increase in traffic problems, and the decrease in the quality of life. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46348.html The formation and construction of a new city is aimed at reducing vulnerability and improving the standard of living. The formation of the new Majlesi city and its development also makes the evaluation of seismic risk parameters in this area significant. Seismicity studies and earthquake risk analysis will play an important role in the design of engineering structures and thus reduce risks and damages in urban areas. This city is located on Quaternary sediments, and the North Rukh and Mubarakeh faults pass near Majlisi city. The occurrence of large earthquakes and a large number of instumental earthquakes indicate that the region is seismically active, the density of these small earthquakes is higher in the southwest of the region. According to the Gutenberg-Richter relationship, the seismicity coefficients for the area of Majlesi city are equal to b=0.7 and a=4.73, and the seismicity rate is equal to 1.28 for earthquakes greater than 4. The bedrock acceleration zoning map shows 4 zones with different accelerations, the rate of change of ground acceleration in urban areas is between 0.182 g and 0.193 g. The most dangerous part of the urban area is in the north, and the least dangerous part is in the southwestern part of the urban area. Based on borehole data, Majlesi city is located on dense sand and sand with low density in some parts, With the effect of the magnification factor, the acceleration on the ground surface is estimated to be 0.213 g to 0.226 g. Along with these data, uniform risk spectrum diagrams have been prepared, which will play an important role in future studies and reducing possible risks. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46374.html The City Development Strategy (CDS) offers a framework for creating advanced, sustainable, and livable urban areas. In Iran, urban development plans have faced challenges in achieving their objectives due to a lack of effective problem identification and practical solutions. This research aims to develop urban development strategies tailored for coastal cities within Boushehr province. It focuses on identifying, analyzing key factors, and offering actionable solutions. This study employs an applied research approach with descriptive-analytical methods, utilizing both library research and field data collection. Data analysis was conducted using SWOT, QSPM, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via PLS Smart software. The study identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) related to the development of Boushehr's coastal cities (Boushehr, Ahram, Borazjan, Khormoj, Bandar Dayyer, Bandar Kangan, Bandar Genaveh, Kaki, Jam, Ab Pakhsh, Choghadak, Vahdatiyeh, Bonak, Nakhl Taghi) through expert interviews with officials and specialists. These SWOT factors were weighted and ranked based on expert opinions to derive a weighted score for each factor. The higher combined scores for weaknesses (2.794) and threats (3.582) indicate significant challenges in the development of these coastal cities. However, existing strengths and opportunities can be leveraged to mitigate weaknesses and threats. The weighted scores for opportunities and strengths were 3.559 and 2.213, respectively. The Internal Factors Evaluation (IFE) matrix score (5.007) and External Factors Evaluation (EFE) matrix score (7.141) suggest that a competitive-aggressive strategy is suitable for the development of Boushehr's coastal cities, although other strategies should also be considered. Overall, the primary weaknesses and threats to the development of Boushehr's coastal cities revolve around environmental concerns and achieving sustainable employment. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46444.html After annexing the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 and facilitating the secession of Donetsk and Luhansk from Ukraine, Russia launched a large-scale military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 to prevent the country from joining NATO and the European Union. Turkey is among the countries that have made extensive diplomatic efforts to reduce tensions and establish peace between Russia and Ukraine since the beginning of the conflict. While not joining Western sanctions against Moscow, Ankara has emerged as a third pole and mediator between the warring camps. Thus, the main question of the research is what policy has Turkey adopted towards the 2022 Russian war against Ukraine? The hypothesis of the article is that with Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Ankara's authorities have adopted a policy of mediation and counter-intermediation to reduce conflicts and tensions between Moscow and Kiev in order to gain maximum benefits from the possible options. By maintaining its position as a mediator, Turkey has maintained its relations with Kiev and Moscow at the same time and, while keeping diplomatic channels with Russia open, has also maintained and developed trade and military cooperation with Ukraine, which, while enhancing Ankara's prestige and diplomatic position in the international arena, can contribute significantly to reducing conflicts and creating a balance of power in the Black Sea region. In fact, it can be said; Turkey's positive role in the developments in Ukraine and its efforts to establish peace and stability in the region are considered to be a very strong trump cng trump card in Ankara's hands for accessing factors and platforms of power in the field of international diplomacy, which will greatly help ensure the maximum benefits of Turkish officials. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46446.html Achieving sustainable rural development requires attention to all environmental, social, cultural, economic, physical, institutional and managerial aspects. The rural management system has always been one of the important topics for development planners due to its role in the economic, social-cultural and physical development of villages in different societies. This system in Iran has undergone complex transformations in terms of social structures over many years, although after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, organizations under the titles of the Islamic Council, Hamiyar House, Rural Development Office, etc. were formed in the villages. Unfortunately, the lack of efficient and principled management in the villages in all these years, especially in the last decade, has created many problems for the villagers. Therefore, this research seeks to identify the reflection of the presence of councils and village councils in the development of Rumeshkan villages and evaluate the performance of each. The purpose of the research is to investigate and analyze the role and performance of local management in rural development, to identify the reasons for their failure or success. The statistical population of the research is 10 villages of Rumshkan city and the sample size is 203 people, which was selected using Cochran's formula. The research method is a combination of documentary and field methods (questionnaire and interview). The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between these indicators, and each of these indicators has a significant relationship with the final satisfaction of local management performance at the 99% confidence level. Local management in the studied sector has failed in some of its functions and this failure was due to lack of experience, lack of literacy and especially lack of political independence and executive power. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46509.html Pro-poor tourism development is the accepted version of managing the development of rural tourism destinations in the direction of moving towards poverty alleviation based on growth along with the redistribution of benefits from tourism, The need for rural tourism destinations centered on the Zarivar wetland as one of the most important rural tourism destinations in Kurdistan province is completely understandable considering the extent of rural poverty and the present applied research has been carried out in this direction in order to measure the development status of this tourism management approach among the villages of the wetland. This descriptive-analytical research is based on data collection in the theoretical part with documentary sources and in the practical part based on field survey with a quantitative and comparative nature and cross-sectionally among 8 villages around Zarivar Wetland. The statistical population of the research includes the heads of households in the villages of the lagoon, which were distributed among them with the Kochran formula and stratified distribution of 363 researcher-made questionnaires, including indicators related to the reduction of rural poverty affected by the development of tourism. The findings obtained through data analysis using inferential statistics tools, showed that in the three dimensions of improving the economic (2.33), social (average 2.28) and natural (2.97) situation, the situation was unfavorable and it is only in the aspect of improving the physical-spatial situation (3.08) that the development of tourism at the level of the studied region has been able to lead to relatively positive changes in the quality of life of the rural poor. Also, the most effective dimension, which has the most power to explain the unfavorable current situation in relation to the lack of effectiveness of tourism in supporting the rural poor of the study area; economic dimension and then; are social. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46510.html The purpose of investigating the reasons for the acceptance and rejection of papers of the 10th National Conference and the 3rd International Conference on Urban Planning and Management was. For this purpose, among the 320 articles sent to the conference site; 239 were accepted and 61 were rejected, and then 100 articles were selected based on random sampling, of which 25 articles were rejected and 75 articles were accepted, of which 15 were lecture articles, 10 were posters, and 50 were articles. All the articles have been published and the relationship between the variables was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier survival table and Cox regression. In total, the relationship between 10 independent variables and one dependent variable (score of articles and separated into two major groups of accepted and rejected articles) was measured. The overall average score of the acceptance indicators of the articles was 58.66 points out of a maximum of 110 points. Among the variables, the variable weight of the novelty of the subject and the innovation of the article with an average of 6.97 points had the highest score, the scientific ability of the author of the article in the subject design with an average of 4.88 points had the lowest level of criteria. The results of using Cox regression based on the significance level of PV=0.05 to predict the dependent variable of article acceptance scores showed that except for the generality variable of the article which is not significant at Sig.0.05, the rest of the variables have an effect on the dependent variable. The coefficient value of the innovation index of the article with Exp(B) = .743 has the most impact and the variable of novelty of the article sources with the coefficient of Exp(B) = 0.691 is placed in the next stage of acceptance of articles. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46752.html Over the past decade, discussions about the relationship between the impact of climate change on migration and human displacement have gradually increased. This is particularly evident in global policy discourse, with a growing awareness of the need to develop legal frameworks and concrete solutions to support individuals who migrate due to climate conditions. Since climate-induced displacement has been addressed in various ways in international agreements, ambiguity in these frameworks sends confusing messages to governments attempting to implement them in line with their developmental goals. This study examines some international legal frameworks related to supporting migration caused by climate change. Additionally, certain high-level documents in this field at the national level have been reviewed. The findings indicate that, although some credible recommendations for managing climate-induced migration have emerged in recent years within international agreements, the overall international policy response has been insufficient. In particular, climate change law focuses on mitigation and adaptation to climate change but does not recognize a legal status for individuals who are unable to adapt to the consequences of climate change in their home countries and are forced to migrate. Moreover, an analysis of high-level national documents reveals a lack of attention to the overarching trends of climate change and its consequences, such as migration. None of these documents explicitly address the issue of supporting migration caused by climate change, nor do they establish a specific legal mechanism for it. In this regard, planners and policymakers must pay greater attention to integrating human mobility resulting from climate change into national laws, policies, and plans. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47008.html The current research was conducted in terms of practical targeting and in terms of qualitative-quantitative methodology.The statistical population of the research has been selected from 40 experts of this subject and experts in relevant organizations. The results showed that among the six dimensions, among the internal factors, the physical-spatial dimension with a score of 3.86 has the highest score, and the urban landscape dimension with a score of 3.06 has the lowest score, and among the external factors, the physical-spatial dimension has the highest score with a score of 4.75. And the social, economic, cultural and historical dimensions have the lowest score with a score of 3.3. The results of the SWARA method showed that the physical-spatial strategy with a score of 0.47 was the most important strategy and the user-functional strategy with a score of 0.03 was the least important strategy compared to other strategies, and among the 29 final strategies after calculating the weight of the criteria, environmental strategies The strategy of being able to take advantage of the cool weather in summer, among the transportation strategies, the strategy of using bicycles as the main elements of transportation, among the user-functional strategies, the strategy of turning the square and market complex into a tourist center, among the physical-spatial strategies The possibility of dimming the elements of spatial organization and memorable elements among the social, economic, cultural and historical strategies, the strategy of the presence of the imam of the city in order to advance the goals of the progressive plan, among the strategies of the urban landscape, the strategy of the inappropriate skyline in the surrounding passages, the most important strategies among the strategies of sustainable regeneration They are in historical urban contexts. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47044.html Ahvaz Municipality, faces its own challenges and obstacles. In this regard, several factors can affect the performance of Ahvaz Municipality, and recognizing and understanding these factors is crucial for improving the quality of services and sustainable development of this city. Accordingly, the present study aims to analyze the obstacles and challenges affecting the performance of Ahvaz municipalities. Considering the potential role of the performance of municipalities in various managerial-organizational, economic, social, cultural, environmental, and physical dimensions, this study attempts to identify the most important obstacles in this area in the context of Ahvaz municipalities and prioritize them based on their level of impact. The present study was conducted using a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative part, initial indicators were identified through interviews with experts and specialists. In the quantitative part, the SIWEC method, which is a multi-criteria weighting method, was used to weight and prioritize the identified indicators based on the opinions of experts. The statistical population of this study included 40 experts in the field of urban planning, urban development, municipal affairs experts, and experts familiar with the subject in the city of Ahvaz. The statistical sample in the qualitative part was selected purposefully and in the quantitative part using the judgmental sampling method. The results of this study show that in evaluating the performance of municipalities, financial-economic barriers as well as organizational-management barriers are of the highest importance. However, using these capacities to improve the performance of municipalities faces serious challenges. At the level of secondary barriers, issues such as lack of institutionalization and lack of performance evaluation culture in municipalities, as well as resistance of managers and employees to change are prioritized. On the other hand, the unwillingness of citizens to participate in urban plans https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47069.html Today, one of the most important methods that can be used to guide the process of thinking about reviving the historical context and improving the quality of their environment from a one-dimensional and sectoral approach to a systemic perspective and sustainable development is to emphasize the concept of tourism, especially creative tourism, which is one of the most optimal solutions to this problem. It is important. In this regard, this research; It has examined the environmental quality of the historical context in order to realize creative urban tourism. The research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The method of data collection has been done in library and field. Also, people have been randomly selected for questioning and out of 563,660 households in the area, 400 heads of households were selected for questioning using Cochran's formula. To analyze the obtained data, SPSS software was used, including multivariate regression tests, path analysis, and t-test. The results showed that physical-spatial dimension indicators with a numerical value (801.) have the most and technological dimension indicators with a numerical value (576.) have the least impact on the realization of creative tourism, and also by using the path analysis method, it was determined that each of the indicators They have direct and indirect effects on the realization of creative tourism in Tabriz cityrs with a numerical value (801.) have the most and technological dimension indicators with a numerical value (576.) have the least impact on the realization of creative tourism, and also by using the path analysis method, it was determined that each of the indicators They have direct and indirect effects on the realization of creative tourism in Tabriz city. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47134.html The present applied research aims to identify areas suitable for ecotourism development in order to guide development planning and policymaking in the rural regions of Mahabad County, which is considered one of the main ecotourism hubs in West Azerbaijan Province,In this regard, a combined framework based on the integration of Geographic Information Systems(GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA) with the use of Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(FDEMATEL) was applied to assess the ecological capability of the area and perform its spatial zoning.This framework was designed using the Delphi method and included 16 criteria grouped into four clusters: environmental, topographic, socio-economic, and natural factors.The FDEMATEL technique was employed to calculate the expert-assigned weights for each cluster and criterion based on their influence on ecotourism development. The final ecological suitability map for ecotourism development was produced using the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method,which classified the area into four qualitative categories: highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, and unsuitable Following sensitivity analysis based on changes in cluster weights to determine the reliability of the zoning process, it was found that the largest spatial extent of the county falls into the moderately suitable category, followed by suitable and highly suitable zones, while the unsuitable category covered the smallest area. The rural districts of Kani Bazar (with the largest area and number of villages in the highly suitable zone), Western Mokrian, and Eastern Mangur possess the greatest potential for ecotourism development. Topographic factors were identified as the most influential criteria in advancing ecotourism. Moreover, Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index indicated that the spatial distribution of villages located in the highly suitable zones is clustered within Mahabad County. This clustered pattern highlights the inevitable need for spatially balanced management and organization of ecotourism activities to establish a sustainable economic and social flow with equitable benefits across the region https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46049.html This article aims to analyze Israel's attempt to establish territory in Iraqi Kurdistan and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Zionist regime is considered one of the emerging players in West Asia, which has faced major problems due to not being recognized as legitimate by some countries in the region, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to get out of isolation and gain a strategic alliance in the region and with the aim of legitimizing its existence, this regime is trying to establish extensive relations with the Kurdistan region of Iraq in order to use its oil and gas resources and sell its products in this region. Thus, the main question of this research is, what effect will Israel's territorial expansion in Iraqi Kurdistan have on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of this article is that since the Zionist regime suffers from geopolitical restrictions and high vulnerability in West Asia; Therefore, this country aims to achieve its strategic goals, including; Getting out of regional isolation, legitimizing its existence, finding a strategic ally in the region and creating a Greater Kurdistan in West Asia, in an effort to develop comprehensive relations and a wide presence in Iraqi Kurdistan as a non-Arab entity in the region. With extensive investments in the energy market and the development of trade and security relations with the Kurdistan Region, while supporting the independence of this region, Tel Aviv will gain access to a base next to Iran's borders, which will affect national security. The Islamic Republic of Iran can help the blockade and regional isolation of Tehran and the collapse of the axis of Islamic resistance in West Asia. Qualitative analysis method was used to analyze the research data. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47151.html A simple view of the global space shows outstanding action among actors at different levels and fields around artificial intelligence. Among these fields that have been strongly affected by the emerging trend of artificial intelligence is the field of geopolitics, which has emerged in the form of geopolitics of artificial intelligence, and the process of its use and application is expanding day by day.Considering these developments and issues surrounding it in the field of geopolitics of artificial intelligence, the present research has been carried out with the aim of explaining the concept of geopolitics of artificial intelligence and knowing the basic dimensions that shape it with a descriptive-analytical method and using library and internet resources.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The results of this research show that the concept of geopolitics of artificial intelligence has been expanding during the last decade, but a reliable definition of it has not been made, which can generally be known as knowledge, acquisition, productivity and He defined the preservation of geographical resources of power with the focus of artificial intelligence in transnational, national, regional and global relations.The use of artificial intelligence in various fields by governmental (and non-governmental) actors has had strategic implications for international politics, whose effects can be discussed in the form of four dimensions of geographic sources of power, geopolitical actors, geopolitical relations, and geopolitical strategies. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47199.html The concept of smart villages has gained attention as a new approach to sustainable development and enhancing the quality of life in tourism-targeted rural areas. In Lorestan Province, given its rich natural and cultural potentials, such villages can play a significant role as hubs of rural development. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the current and ideal conditions of smart village components and to formulate practical policies for their targeted development.Methodologically, this research is descriptive-analytical and applied in nature. The study population includes residents of tourism-targeted villages in Lorestan Province, selected randomly based on population size and Morgan’s sampling table. The study area encompasses villages officially designated as tourism destinations within the province. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 75 pairs of questions aligned with 10 components, designed using a Likert scale. The target group comprised local residents serving as host communities in these villages.Data analysis was performed using SPSS software through statistical methods including ANOVA and paired sample t-tests, along with the MABAC multi-criteria decision-making model and spatial analysis in a GIS environment. The analytical results of the paired sample t-test indicated a statistically significant gap (p < 0.05) between the current and ideal conditions in all ten components of smart villages—particularly in the areas of sustainable energy (mean difference = -0.429) and smart governance (-0.323). According to the MABAC model, Afrineh village had the highest smart development score (0.180), whereas Chenargirit and Shabandor had the lowest. In the final stage, spatial analysis using the Jenks natural breaks classification method grouped the villages into five categories of smart development, revealing that more populous villages such as Afrineh ranked higher, while less populated ones like Sang Tarashan fell into lower categories https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47293.html The primary objective of this research is to investigate and analyze the effective indicators on the brand of health tourism destinations using a combined DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach in Kerman City. This study is applied in purpose, as it aims to implement and test theoretical concepts in examining the indicators influencing the brand of Kerman's health tourism destination. In terms of data collection, it is a descriptive research. The statistical population includes experts in health tourism and visitors to Kerman City for medical purposes. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used for field data collection. To propose a network model of factors affecting health tourism in Kerman, the DEMATEL method (via MATLAB 2019 software) was employed, and the proposed model was validated using Structural Equation Modeling (via Smart PLS 3 software).The results of the DEMATEL method led to a network model encompassing the following dimensions:• Perceived quality of the tourism destination• Brand image of the tourism destination• Perceived value of the tourism destination• Brand awareness of the tourism destination• Loyalty to the tourism destination brandThe results obtained based on expert opinion analysis showed that the destination brand loyalty factor (C5) has the most interaction with other factors and was identified as the most important factor. The SEM results revealed that the perceived value of the health tourism destination had the greatest impact (beta coefficient: 643%) on loyalty to the health tourism destination brand in Kerman City. The lowest level of impact belongs to the factor of awareness of the health tourism destination brand, equal to 0.322, on the level of loyalty to the health tourism destination brand of Kerman city. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47332.html The relationship between the Kurdish and Arab ethnic groups in Iraq is considered one of the most pivotal and influential ethno-political dynamics within the geopolitical structure of the country and even the broader Southwest Asia region. These relations are shaped by a set of geopolitical factors, the precise identification and understanding of which can facilitate deeper analysis of ethnic interactions and conflicts, and contribute to the development of strategies for managing tensions and enhancing coexistence.This applied-developmental study employs a descriptive-analytical method with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The primary objective is to identify and prioritize the geopolitical factors influencing Kurdish–Arab relations in Iraq. The research utilizes techniques such as the Delphi method, along with SPSS software and the T-test for data analysis.Findings indicate that out of 39 identified geopolitical factors extracted from theories and previous studies, 37 were validated by experts and scholars as being relevant in the Iraqi context. Among these, only 17 were identified as the most critical factors affecting Kurdish–Arab relations. These key factors are categorized into six dimensions:Geographical: spatial distribution of ethnic groups;transboundary linkages and connections; geographical positioning of ethnic groups in relation to vital resources.Socio-cultural: strength of ethnic identity versus national identity; historical memory of ethnic groups; the role of language and religion in shaping ethnic identity; levels of discrimination between ethnic groups.Economic: access to oil resources; informal economy.Political: degree of political autonomy or independence of ethnic groups; structure of political power distribution; level of participation of ethnic groups in governance.Security–military: presence of ethnic armed groups: connections of ethnic groups with foreign actors.Geopolitical: role of ethnic groups in regional geopolitical developments; link between ethnic and political borders; impact of external power rivalries on ethnic groups. Geographical; Sociology-cultural; Economic; Political ; Security; Geo-strategics; rivalries on the status of ethnic groups. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47368.html Naseriyah (Iraq) city faces challenges in the distribution of public services, environmental pressure, and spatial inequality due to rural-urban migration and uneven physical growth. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and analyze urban sustainability in 62 neighborhoods of Naseriyah city. The main focus is on spatial inequality and aims to provide effective solutions for sustainable urban development. This descriptive-analytical and applied research was conducted with a random sample of 465 households. Field data were collected through a 5-option Likert questionnaire. The analysis included descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test (threshold = 3), independent t-test (comparing developed and undeveloped neighborhoods), GIS spatial analysis, and MEREC multi-criteria decision-making method for weighting and MARCOS for ranking neighborhoods in terms of sustainability level.According to the results, the social sustainability dimension is in the average position with a mean of 3.02, while the economic (2.93), environmental (2.95) and cultural (2.98) dimensions are below the median threshold (p < 0.05). The results of the two-sample t-test (p < 0.01) showed that there are statistically significant differences in all dimensions in developed compared to undeveloped neighborhoods: environmental (3.04 vs. 2.44), social (3.23 vs. 2.69), economic (3.09 vs. 2.46) and cultural (3.12 vs. 2.59). The results of the spatial analysis indicate that neighborhoods such as "Local Administration", "Al-Hussein" and "Sarai" are at the highest levels of sustainability, while "Mohiyyah", "Al-Karamah" and "Al-Zawiya" are classified among the least developed neighborhoods. Accordingly, the city of Naseriyah faces serious spatial inequality in urban sustainability.Therefore, it is recommended that managers in the city of Naseriyah implement projects to develop public transportation infrastructure and access, create equitable economic opportunities, and strengthen local environmental and cultural services. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47381.html Rural housing, as a symbol of how humans interact and relate to the natural environment around them, reflects the type of activities in economic dimensions and the socio-cultural attitude of villagers, the evolution and use of technology, and ultimately the income and livelihood levels of its residents. In other words, it is an economic, cultural, social, and physical phenomenon that has been established to provide suitable conditions for life, livelihood, and livelihood. One of the most important components that has changed in recent years during housing-related developments is the livelihood-oriented components of housing in rural areas. The change from livelihood-oriented housing to rural housing that has a purely residential function has negative effects on the rural economy. The present research has analyzed the factors affecting livelihood- based housing developments in the Shahid Mohammad Borujerdi village of Borujerd county, using qualitative methods and interpretive phenomenology. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In terms of data collection, it is of a Mixed type and its philosophical foundation is based on the phenomenological approach. Since this research is of a qualitative field type; The Purposive sampling method has been used and the selection of samples has continued until the theoretical saturation stage. In this research, theoretical saturation was achieved after 1 in-depth interview (3 women and 6 men) and 2 group interviews (1 group interview with Mayor and members of the village Islamic council and 1 group discussion session with local people). The five main themes of "natural disasters and hazards", "rural-urban migrations", "institutional-management factors", "urbanism" and "changes in the type of livelihood and lifestyle" are among the most important factors affecting livelihood-based housing changes in the study area. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47400.html In recent decades, urban experts have come to believe that in addition to the impact of economic and physical sectors on the improvement of the condition of marginal and poor neighborhoods, the social potentials of these neighborhoods can have a significant impact on their development and improvement. With this description, the current study aims to compare the social development indicators of Behesht neighborhood (non-marginal neighborhood) and Torogh neighborhood (marginalized neighborhood) in Mashhad metropolis. Therefore, the status of social development indicators in each neighborhood was investigated by using the average of the residential questionnaire and objective findings (field observations, interviews, and census documents) And then by surveying the experts and using Merik's analytical method to evaluate the indicators and finally with the help of Mabac's analytical method to rank two neighborhoods in terms of the level of social development and determine the status of the neighborhoods. The results of the ranking of the neighborhoods show a higher rank of Torogh neighborhood than Behesht neighborhood in social development. In Torogh neighborhood, indicators of the sense of responsibility, gender and ethnic equality, desire to progress, identity, social cohesion, and social participation are in a better condition while in Behesht neighborhood, indicators of ethnic gender equality, scientific culture, the sense of responsibility, desire to progress, identity, housing, job satisfaction and Income and access to services are better. The weakest indicators in Torogh neighborhood are indicators of access to services, vitality, safety and security, housing, trust, and satisfaction with job and income, and in Behesht neighborhood, indicators of trust, participation, social cohesion, vitality, safety, and security. The average comparison of the three components shows the better condition of the social capital component in Torogh neighborhood and the quality of life component in Behesht neighborhood. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47414.html Historical textures reinterpret the identity and history of the city. The presence of historical texture has become an indicator of competitiveness between cities. Despite this, the high added value in the city center and the lack of attention to improvement, revitalization, and authenticity programs have created a combination of livability indicators in this sensitive area of the city. In the present study, which aims to explain livability in the historical texture of the Tabriz metropolis, we try to present a comprehensive picture of the challenges, capacities, and paths to improving the quality of life in this area with urban value by utilizing a combination and multi-level approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its environment is qualitative-quantitative. The statistical population of the study is the residents of the old texture of Tabriz and experts in this field. The results of the one-way variance test show that there are statistically significant differences between the studied groups in several key indicators. In terms of satisfaction with urban services and the physical index, the satisfaction of residents is lower. In terms of urban management performance, the experts' evaluation was significantly lower than that of tourists and businesses. The results of field studies show that green and recreational spaces, deterioration of buildings and roads, and dissatisfaction with urban management are among the factors of destruction in the historical fabric of Tabriz. Qualitative findings showed that active participation of residents in urban decision-making, including the management of public spaces and planning of improvement projects, has a significant impact on increasing satisfaction and quality of life. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47444.html The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented changes in societies and the environment, creating challenges for humanity on individual, local, and global scales. The coronavirus has ignited the scientific community in ways that no other outbreak or event has ever had such an impact on this community, and this reflects the scope of this reality and the pandemic for many researchers. Geography has not been left out of this struggle and will not be left out, and the new geography must face a world in which activities and damage are constantly being created and expanded in geographical space. In this study, we first analyze the current state of geography in Iran and during the outbreak of the coronavirus. Finally, we examine the changes that need to be made in the post-corona world in the structure and nature of this knowledge so that this knowledge can be transformed from a purely academic and theoretical knowledge to an applied knowledge and, so to speak, a scientific housecleaning can be carried out in it. The results of the study indicate that geography must be able to find its true and original place in human society, and to achieve this, it is necessary to create a more humanistic geography, help increase the spirit of cooperation between geographers and other scientific disciplines in solving environmental problems, increase the impact of geography on the realm of politics, pay special attention to sustainable development in geography, and emphasize scientific anarchism in helping to discipline geographical studies. We also need an efficient geography to help better learn the problems of the time and the ability to solve future problems. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47449.html Resilience is an approach fundamentally based on endurance/persistence (Mānāyi), stability, and the structural and functional recoverability/reversibility of a system in the face of threats and hazards.Dilapidated and old urban textures, including the central worn-out texture of Ahvaz city, are more susceptible to vulnerabilities stemming from crises and natural disasters than other urban areas, primarily due to the degradation of their physical (Kālabadi), social, and economic dimensions. This vulnerability not only negatively affects the quality of life for residents but also has an adverse impact on sustainable urban development.In line with this context, the primary objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of urban resilience dimensions on enhancing the resilience of the central worn-out texture of Ahvaz city.The statistical sample for this research was determined and studied using the Cochran formula, resulting in a sample size of 384 individuals. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), utilizing SPSS and Smart PLS software.The findings indicate that economic factors (with a score of 1.02) and physical factors (with a score of 0.955) play a pivotal role and exert the strongest influence in enhancing the resilience of the worn-out texture of Ahvaz. Conversely, environmental factors (with a score of 0.558) act as the weaker links in this chain, characterized by structural weakness and high overlap.Ultimately, the results demonstrate that a purely physical and economic approach to urban regeneration is insufficient; rather, achieving sustainable resilience necessitates a comprehensive strategy that simultaneously addresses the strengthening of social cohesion and the improvement of the environmental status. In other words, despite differences in the degree of impact, the meaningful contribution of all dimensions is essential for achieving the genuine enhancement of the worn-out texture. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47584.html Social resilience is the inherent characteristic and ability of social sectors and units of a society to reduce social unrest, reduce disruptions, and create positive and compatible conditions. The present study was written with the aim of analyzing the factors affecting social resilience in rural quiet places. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this study included all rural households in Shandiz Rural District, which numbered 4,313 households according to the 2016 statistics. The sample size was obtained through the Cochran formula with an error of 6 percent, a sample size of 262 households. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and LISREL software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling, as well as t-test. The findings showed that social capital and sense of place belonging have a positive and significant effect on social resilience, and the path coefficient obtained for the place belonging variable was 0.47 and for social capital was 0.44. The results of this study also showed that place belonging has a positive and significant effect on social capital. Another result of this study was the examination of the status of the research variables in the study area, which showed that the villages under study are in a relatively favorable situation from the perspective of social capital and place belonging, but in relation to social resilience, the research findings indicate an unfavorable situation of the villages under study. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47622.html The Iraq–Iran War was the outcome of the interaction of geographical, geopolitical, economic, military, and cultural factors operating at individual, national, and international levels. This study seeks to identify and explain the principal universal drivers of conflict and to determine the key causes of the outbreak of the Iraq–Iran War from the perspective of various theoretical schools. The research adopts a qualitative, multi-stage approach, using a descriptive–analytical method. In the first stage, the major theoretical and general causes of war were extracted by drawing on conflict-analysis perspectives, including geopolitics, realism, neorealism, Marxism, constructivism, and psychological approaches. Subsequently, 87 scholarly works on the Iran–Iraq War, selected through maximum variation sampling from Persian-language sources, were examined using qualitative content analysis. The coding process led to the identification of 18 core components as the primary causes of the war and enabled assessment of their correspondence with the theoretical schools of conflict.The findings indicate that explaining the roots of the Iraq–Iran War is inherently complex and multidimensional and cannot be reduced to any single theory. Accordingly, geopolitical approaches attribute the war to territorial disputes, geo-economic competition, cultural confrontations, and the role of global powers. Marxist interpretations highlight the importance of Khuzestan’s oil resources and the role of Ba’athist elites, whereas realist perspectives emphasize Saddam Hussein’s psychological characteristics, the expansionist nature of the Ba’ath regime, and perceived threats from the Iranian Revolution. Neorealism focuses on the regional imbalance of power and superpower support for Iraq; constructivism underscores Arab–Persian identity cleavages and hostile discourses; and psychological approaches consider Saddam’s ambition and narcissism as central to his decision-making.The study’s main contribution lies in integrating theoretical analysis with qualitative content analysis of existing scholarship and in extracting a systematic set of causal components, thereby offering a comprehensive and synthesized account of the drivers of the war. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47625.html In the face of contemporary environmental crises, the discourse of transformative environmental governance has emerged as an interdisciplinary and future-oriented approach. Adopting a qualitative–exploratory methodology, this study seeks to examine the experiences and understandings of key environmental governance actors in Tehran Province, with a particular focus on identifying pathways of transformation within this domain. Data were collected through 28 in-depth semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from governmental, private, civil, and academic sectors. The data were analyzed using discourse analysis and qualitative content analysis methods. The principal innovation of this study lies in the development and presentation of an integrated analytical-explanatory model of transformative environmental governance. By synthesizing insights from the schools of social-ecological resilience, socio-technical transitions, environmental justice, and new institutionalism, the model provides a context-sensitive and localized framework for understanding the complex dynamics of change within Iran's governance system. The findings—derived from the integration of theoretical foundations and empirical evidence—revealed six interwoven processes that act as core mechanisms driving transformation: (1) cross-sectoral and horizontal networking, (2) social learning and institutional reflexivity, (3) redefinition of environmental discourse, (4) social pressure and civic activism, (5) creative engagement with legal frameworks, and (6) strategic coalition-building. These processes unfold within a dynamic context influenced by various enabling and constraining factors, including institutional distrust, conflicts of interest, weak intersectoral coordination, cultural resistance, legal gaps, and the risk of superficial alignment. The proposed analytical model elucidates the iterative, feedback-driven, and non-linear nature of environmental governance, emphasizing the interaction among actors, knowledge systems, and institutional mechanisms. Consequently, transformative governance is conceptualized not as a linear or episodic process, but as a reflective and ongoing flow in which social capital, legal capacities, and the synergistic power of alliances are redistributed, thereby enhancing the resilience of reforms. The presented model offers an analytical tool for identifying leverage points, mapping intervention sequences, and anticipating barriers to sustainable governance, while providing a foundation for designing context-sensitive strategies aimed at institutionalizing environmental priorities.       https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47678.html Khuzestan Province, with its unique natural potential, is a suitable platform for the development of adventure sports tourism. However, optimal utilization of these capacities requires accurate identification and strategic prioritization of key indicators for the development of adventure sports tourism in the urban space. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to determine and prioritize key indicators affecting the development of adventure sports tourism in the urban space of Khuzestan Province, which is carried out in order to provide a practical framework for urban planners and managers to improve the tourism potential of the region. In terms of the nature of the data, it is qualitative-quantitative, in terms of its purpose, it is applied, and in terms of data collection, it is descriptive. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, and the DANP technique was used to prioritize the criteria. Data analysis was carried out using Excel software and considering 6 main indicators and 21 sub-indices. The validity of the questionnaire has been proven with the approval of experts in the field of adventure sports tourism. The inconsistency rate was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Since the inconsistency rate of the F matrix is ​​less than 0.1, it can be concluded that the matrix in question, resulting from the opinions of experts, has acceptable reliability and allows the continuation of the research process. The results of this study show that the development of adventure sports tourism in Khuzestan province is highly dependent on natural attractions. These attractions, along with sports activities, cultural-social and managerial factors, are the main drivers of this type of tourism. In contrast, economic factors and infrastructure are more affected by these drivers. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47725.html Evidence shows that costly rural development programs have failed to reduce poverty and inequality; therefore, the territorial approach has been proposed as a new and alternative discourse. Therefore, the aim of the research is to analyze the Bibliometric Analysis of scientific production related to this approach at the international level during the years 1990 to 2024 using data from the Scopus database. The specialized Bibliometric Analysis software VOSviewer was used to analyze the data and extract patterns related to the research topic. The results show that scientific production in this field has had an upward trend and the highest publication rate was recorded in 2024 with 128 articles. Countries such as Italy, Spain, France and the United Kingdom have made the largest contribution to the production of knowledge. At the individual level, researchers such as Brunori, Esparcia and Pinto-Correia have a high position in terms of scientific effectiveness. Journals such as Sustainability, Land Use Policy and Journal of Rural Studies have been the main platforms for publishing these studies. Also, showed that co-occurrence of keywords such as rural development, sustainable development, territorial planning and local governance" are the most frequent words in this field. On the other hand, examining the theoretical content and lexical analysis of rural development concepts in the form of seven semantic clusters shows that territorial development is a comprehensive, integrated and systemic approach that makes sense at different spatial and policy levels. The conceptual model presented by Medeiros (2019), by outlining three main components including dimensions, pillars and levels, provided a deeper understanding of this type of development. In general, the findings indicate the significant growth and dynamism of this field at the international level and the need for greater attention to local capacities, local participation and territorial policy-making in rural development programs. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48205.html Considering the growth trend of urbanization in Iran's metropolises, including Isfahan, and the challenges that have been created for cities in various fields, Urban intelligence can be effective as a suitable approach to achieve sustainable urban development. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to investigate and evaluate the areas of Isfahan city in relation to the indicators of urban smartness. The research aims to be applied-developmental and its method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The statistical population of the research consists of experts in the field of urban planning And using the snowball method, 50 people were selected as the target sample. The information required for the research was obtained by studying library-documentary sources and field studies AHP and WASPAS methods were used for analysis. Urban smartness is the final form of approaches such as compact city, smart growth, smart city, etc. In the current research, the common indicators of these theories have been used in the form of five dimensions in examining the condition of the regions of Isfahan city. After prioritizing the sub-criteria, the results showed that in the physical criterion, zone six, and in the environmental-ecological criterion, zones five and six have the first priority. In terms of economic criteria, regions 6 and 8 have the highest ranks. Region three has the first rank in the social criteria compared to the sub-criteria, and in the management-political criterion, the region four has been ranked first. And finally, suggestions were made to improve the condition of the areas of Isfahan city in relation to the desired criteria. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48206.html In this study, using the systematic review method of scientific-research works, studies on determining the suitability of ecotourism were reviewed in the Normags, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities and Scholar databases with the aim of determining the appropriate parameters for zoning areas for the development of ecotourism in the period 1390 to 1404. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of articles in the study, 100 studies were finally selected for review. The results show that the parameters used to determine the suitability of ecotourism in the studies under review can be categorized into 33 parameters, of which 13 of these parameters can be separated into more general headings that include 53 sub-parameters. The percentage of occurrence of parameters can be divided into three groups: 40 to 70 percent, 10 to 40 percent, and less than 10 percent. In group one, with an occurrence percentage of 40 to 70 percent, 15 percent of the parameters and subparameters are included. In this parameter group, the parameters of slope, diversity and density of vegetation, road network, proximity to settlements, and altitude above sea level are included with an occurrence percentage of 70, 61, 58, 54, and 50, respectively. In the third group, about 60 percent of the parameters and subparameters have a probability of occurrence of 1 percent, or in other words, they were used only in one study. The parameters were divided into four categories: ecological, physical-spatial and infrastructural, cultural-social, aesthetic and managerial, economic and planning, and the order of their occurrence percentages was 33.33, 33.33, 9, 21.21, and 1 percent. In other words, researchers assigned equal value and importance to the two parameter categories: ecological and physical-spatial and infrastructural. This study will help researchers to use more widely used and important parameters to determine the suitability of areas for ecotourism development. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48219.html The Makran coasts, endowed with unique natural, cultural, and geopolitical capacities, outline a broad prospect for the development of sustainable and forward-looking coastal tourism in Iran. The present study aims to identify and analyze the key driving forces influencing the sustainable development of tourism at the level of urban settlements in the Makoran coastal region. From an ontological and epistemological perspective, this research falls within the pragmatic paradigm. Accordingly, both qualitative and quantitative approaches have been employed to address the research problem. After initial studies of documents and interviews with stakeholders, influential variables and situations in the environmental, socio-cultural, economic, physical, and institutional-political dimensions were provided to experts in the form of a questionnaire. In order to extract the most significant driving forces using the Delphi method, 90 drivers were extracted in the first round and 54 drivers in the second round in 5 dimensions. The results of the matrix impact analysis indicate that the tourism system of the Makoran region is likely to move toward an unsustainable development in the future. In shaping this condition, economic drivers with an average score of 121.7, environmental drivers (89.5), and socio-cultural drivers (86.5) exert greater influence than institutional–political drivers with an average of 83.8 and physical-spatial drivers with an average of 84.5.Furthermore, the drivers of attention to tourism branding, the creation of conditions for attracting investment, and the increase of sustainable employment in tourism, with scores of 141, 139, and 137 respectively, were identified as the most influential drivers. Meanwhile, the availability of a clear comprehensive plan, the existence of transparent regulations for continuous evaluation, and stability in the policymaking of the Makoran Coastal Development Organization, with scores of 151, 151, and 148 respectively, were recognized as the most affected drivers in the future sustainable development of tourism in the region. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48244.html In different countries, governments implement various programs and policies to provide housing for low-income groups. Mehr Housing is one of the most important and extensive urban housing projects in Iran that has been implemented throughout the history of planning in this country. The success of this project depends on the level of satisfaction of the people who use it. Residential satisfaction is one of the most important criteria in measuring the quality of the residential environment. In fact, a good quality environment brings satisfaction to residents through its specific characteristics. Several studies have been conducted so far regarding the satisfaction of residents with Mehr Housing, each of which has addressed a specific aspect of this issue and shown different results. Therefore, due to the diversity of methods and results obtained, there is a need for a comprehensive and integrated analysis. For this purpose, the present study seeks to obtain a comprehensive picture of the success of this project by comprehensively examining the level of satisfaction of citizens living in Mehr housing units. The present research method is descriptive analysis with a meta-analysis approach and the statistical population is articles written in the years (1391-1402) on the subject of satisfaction with Mehr housing. The results of the meta-analysis show that the physical dimension with 56 percent, the social dimension with 54 percent, the facilities and equipment dimension with 46 percent, respectively, had the highest level of dissatisfaction and the dimensions of security with 38 percent, neighborly relations with 33 percent and economic with 28 percent, respectively, had the highest level of satisfaction. Overall, the results indicate that Mehr housing has not been able to bring satisfaction to the residents. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48251.html Today, metropolises face complex challenges, including urban fabric deterioration and declining quality of life. Urban regeneration, with its comprehensive approach, is a response to these challenges that goes beyond physical renewal to encompass economic, social, and environmental revitalization. Among these efforts, quick-impact projects, capable of creating rapid and tangible effects, play a catalytic role in garnering public participation and building trust in the regeneration process. This research aims to evaluate the role of such projects in the development of target neighborhoods for regeneration in Mashhad city and to propose improvement strategies. Conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, the study relies on semi-structured interviews with 18 urban planning experts. Qualitative data were analyzed using the SWOT analytical model, Internal and External Factor Evaluation (IFE and EFE) matrices, and the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The findings indicate that out of 430 first-phase and 646 second-phase quick-impact projects, it can be concluded that these projects hold significant potential for generating initial satisfaction and addressing apparent deficiencies. However, their nature, under the shadow of inefficient management and inconsistent planning, can turn them into factors that exacerbate threats. A one-sided focus on the physical dimension and neglect of socio-economic aspects were identified as structural challenges in this approach. The key extracted strategy is "minimum investment, maximum utilization of local capacity," which serves as an operational response to credit limitations and external threats. The final conclusion of the research emphasizes the necessity of shifting the managerial paradigm from rapid physical outputs to sustainable social and qualitative outcomes. For optimal effectiveness, these projects should be considered as initial phases of a comprehensive regeneration strategy, where participatory governance, transparency, and attention to quality of life are as crucial as the speed of execution. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48273.html The present study aimed to design a model for evaluating media advertising content with an emphasis on the role of the national broadcaster in rural development in Iran. In terms of purpose, this study is applied, and in terms of approach, it is a qualitative study conducted using the meta-synthesis method. The research corpus consisted of scientific articles, theses, research reports, and other valid domestic and international documents published between 2000 and 2024 in the fields of media advertising evaluation, advertising planning, rural development, development communication, social advertising, and media policymaking. A systematic search was conducted in national and international databases. Out of 1,742 identified records, 41 sources were selected for final analysis after removing duplicates and screening them based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis was performed based on Sandelowski and Barroso’s seven-step meta-synthesis model, and the quality of the selected studies was assessed using the CASP checklist. The data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. To enhance trustworthiness, peer review, constant comparative analysis, and inter-coder agreement were employed. The findings indicated that the proposed model for evaluating media advertising content within the framework of sustainable rural development in Iran can be explained based on 347 initial codes, 132 final concepts, 27 subcategories, and 8 main categories. The results also showed that the evaluation of media advertising content in the context of rural development is influenced by a combination of cultural, communicative, policy-related, and developmental factors. This underscores the necessity of aligning advertising messages with the cultural characteristics and actual needs of rural communities, while also ensuring media justice and communicative effectiveness. Accordingly, the proposed model can serve as a decision-support framework to assist media planners in evaluating and prioritizing advertising content on the basis of explicit indicators in support of rural development goals. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48290.html Due to their bridging role between rural settlements and metropolises, intermediate cities hold a special position in spatial balance and regional development. However, realizing a participatory city in these cities faces multi-layered structural, institutional, and social challenges. This study aims to develop effective strategies for achieving a participatory city in Iranian intermediate cities, with a case study of Borujen. The research adopts a descriptive‑analytical and survey method. Data were collected through a researcher‑designed questionnaire with 42 items using random sampling from 395 citizens across 11 neighborhoods. Content validity was confirmed using CVR and CVI indices, and reliability was established with Cronbach’s alpha (0.88). Data analysis employed exploratory factor analysis (EFA), SWOT matrix, and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM). Factor analysis revealed four factors – “urban governance and trust”, “local economy and welfare”, “social capital and civic participation”, and “environmental sustainability and livability” – which together explain 91.1% of the participability variance. The SWOT analysis showed that Borujen possesses three strong strengths (social interactions, voluntary participation, sense of place) and six strong opportunities (including mutual aid, a cross‑urban volunteer information bank, neighborhood festivals), but faces five moderate weaknesses (infrastructure, waste management, water shortage, dependent local economy, institutional responsiveness) and eight moderate threats (including elite migration to metropolises, cross‑boundary pollution, and drought), all of which directly affect the city’s regional role. QSPM prioritization indicated that the “cross‑urban volunteer information bank” strategy has the highest score as the most effective strategy. Finally, time‑based (short‑term, medium‑term, long‑term) and place‑based (distinguishing leading, intermediate, and critical neighborhoods) strategies are provided, focusing on Borujen’s regional functions (providing services to peripheral areas, reducing migration, strengthening agricultural markets, and reducing pollution). This research, for the first time in an Iranian intermediate city, offers an operational model for increasing participability with a regional development approach. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48293.html The TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) pipeline project is among the most significant energy initiatives in Central and South Asia, aimed at transporting natural gas from Turkmenistan to India and Pakistan. Beyond ensuring sustainable energy supply, TAPI is expected to enhance regional economic integration and foster international energy cooperation. This study examines how the pipeline influences the economic and security interdependence among South Asian and Central Asian countries. Findings indicate that despite challenges such as security threats in Afghanistan and the need for massive infrastructure investments, TAPI has made notable progress through financial backing from international institutions like the Asian Development Bank and strategic collaboration among member states. Additionally, the Taliban’s commitment to securing the pipeline route and regional cooperation with neighboring countries have alleviated some security concerns. Economically, TAPI could deepen India’s and Pakistan’s reliance on Turkmen gas while generating transit revenues for Afghanistan. Politically, the project has facilitated multilateral dialogue and trust-building among participating nations. The pipeline also holds the potential to transform Afghanistan into a key energy transit hub, promoting its economic recovery. By creating a network of mutual energy dependencies, TAPI could reduce geopolitical tensions and incentivize peace in the region. Moreover, it sets a precedent for cross-border energy projects in conflict-prone areas. In conclusion, the TAPI pipeline not only addresses regional energy demands but also serves as a catalyst for economic stability and security cooperation, offering a model for future energy-driven partnerships in Asia and beyond. Its success, however, hinges on sustained political will and robust security measures. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48314.html Given the rapid growth of high-rise commercial struc tures in urban centers and their implications for energy consumption patterns, this study aims to evaluate and analyze the role of these complexes in shaping energy-related indicators in the metropolitan area of Mashhad. To assess and evaluate this role, six criteria—type of energy supply sy stem, spatial location, building height, envelope materials, type of heating–cooling equipment, and energy storage capability—were examined using the Analytic Hie rarchy Process (AHP) for physical planning and development. The required data were collected through interviews and specialized questionnaires admi nistered to experts in architecture, civil engineering, energy systems, project management, and urban geography, and were subse quently analyzed using appropriate statist ical tools.The statistical population consists of twelve high-rise and mid-rise commercial complexes located across different urban districts of Mashhad. The findings indicate that envelope materials, building height, and energy supply systems exert the greatest influence on dependent indicators such as electricity consumption, energy costs, CO₂ emissions, energy supply sustainability, and storage capability. In particular, the use of high-performance thermal insulation materials and advanced energy systems—such as combined heat and power (CHP)—plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption and enhancing sustainability.By providing a localized model for energy analysis in high-rise commercial structures, this study offers valuable insights for policymakers, designers, and project managers seeking to optimize energy consumption patterns in the physical development planning of regional metropolitan areas.Keywords: functional role, major commercial complexes, sustainability of energy consumption patterns, physical development, Mashhad regional metro polis https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48364.html This study analyzes the migration flow network of the counties of Khuzestan Province and examines the role of economic and demographic variables, including education level and agricultural activities, in shaping migration trends. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach and applies a network-based perspective to identify the structural characteristics of inter-county migration flows. Research data were extracted from the 2024 General Agricultural Census and the 2016 Population and Housing Census and were analyzed using social network analysis techniques through UCINET, NetDraw, and Excel software. Key network indicators such as centrality measures were employed to reveal the spatial organization and hierarchy of migration flows within the province.The findings indicate that Ahvaz County, as the central core of the migration network, exhibits the highest level of out-migration and simultaneously plays a pivotal role in directing population flows toward major metropolitan destinations such as Tehran and Karaj. The counties of Dezful, Andimeshk, Izeh, and Abadan function as second-level nodes within the network, acting as intermediate hubs that facilitate and channel migration flows between peripheral counties and major destinations. This pattern reflects a polarized and hierarchical migration structure within Khuzestan Province.Correlation analysis results reveal that none of the unemployment indicators—including total unemployment, unemployment among highly educated individuals, and unemployment among illiterate individuals—show a statistically significant relationship with county-level out-migration. In contrast, the proportion of agricultural workers and the proportion of highly educated agricultural workers have a significant effect on out-migration levels. In other words, the population spillover of agricultural workers, particularly those holding higher education degrees, plays a decisive role in shaping out-migration from these counties. Accordingly, it is recommended that migration management and control policies place greater emphasis on this population group, particularly within the framework of regional planning, agricultural restructuring, and balanced spatial development. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48448.html Considering the hot climate and environmental challenges of Ahvaz metropolis, enhancing physical resilience not only provides a platform for reducing infrastructural vulnerability but also, by optimizing environmental comfort, serves as a vital infrastructure for increasing psychological vitality and workforce productivity in urban centers. Identifying and prioritizing these components can develop a roadmap for urban managers to transform work environments into sustainable, vibrant, and efficient spaces. In this regard, the present study aims to identify and prioritize the components of urban physical resilience affecting the enhancement of employee vitality and productivity in Ahvaz metropolis. To this end, first, the key indicators and sub-indicators of urban physical resilience were identified through a meticulous study of the subject literature and a review of related research backgrounds. Subsequently, using the hybrid DANP model (DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process), the relative importance, weight, and causal relationships of each of these components were determined and evaluated from the perspective of experts in the fields of urban planning, architecture, and environmental psychology/human resource management. The results derived from the DANP technique indicate that enhancing employee vitality and productivity in Ahvaz metropolis requires a transition to a "defensive-climatic urbanism" approach and a focus on survival-oriented needs. In this system, "safety" and "climatic comfort" are considered ultimate (effect/effected) goals, the realization of which requires intervention in root drivers such as access infrastructure and physical design. Given the harsh climatic conditions, physiological needs outweigh aesthetic aspects, and urban management must redirect its resources from showcase/superficial measures towards protective and quick-impact projects, such as creating shaded pedestrian corridors and facilitating emergency networks; because until the vital prerequisites of "immediate thermal comfort" and "basic safety" are provided as a defensive shield against environmental stresses, no secondary intervention will lead to a tangible improvement in workforce efficiency and vitality. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_46810.html The development of sustainable tourism, as one of the most important strategies for sustainable rural development, depends on the development of tourism marketing. In today's tourism industry, advertising has been identified as the most important professional tool. This is because advertising in presenting the cultural and tourism values of each country is based on a proper and professional understanding of advertising and its values. Among these, the role of advertising can be considered as one of the most important factors in attracting tourists to rural areas. In this context, the present study was conducted to examine the impact of advertising on attracting tourists to rural areas of Hajiabad County in the year 2021. The overall approach of the research is quantitative and in terms of data collection method, it is based on both library and field data. The statistical population includes 150 residents of Hajjiabad city, selected through a simple random sampling method using a questionnaire. The impact of advertising on attracting tourists to rural areas was examined through the AIDA model using four variables: attention, interest, desire, and action. The results showed that advertising at the stages of attention, interest, desire, and action moderately facilitates the attraction of tourists to rural areas. Therefore, the use of social networks and media, as well as websites, is suggested as the most effective way to advertise and encourage visitors and customers to the region. Considering that rural areas face challenges such as unemployment, low agricultural productivity, increasing migration to cities and urban marginalization, rural tourism, as an innovative and cost-effective approach, can play a significant role in addressing these issues and revitalizing villages. It can also have a significant impact on reducing regional disparities and improving development indicators. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_47252.html Landslides are among the most significant geomorphological hazards in the mountainous regions of Iran, influenced by various environmental and tectonic factors. Accurate identification of susceptible areas and assessment of triggering factors such as earthquakes are essential steps in landslide risk management. Given the importance of this issue, the present study aims to identify landslide-prone areas in the southern parts of Sarab County, taking into account the impact of the 2019 Torkmanchay earthquake. To achieve this, a combination of remote sensing data and multi-criteria decision-making models was used. The primary datasets included Sentinel-1 radar imagery, a 1:100,000 scale geological map, and a 12.5-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (ALOS PALSAR). Radar interferometry analysis was performed using GMT software, OWA modeling was conducted in the TerrSet environment, ANP analysis was implemented in SuperDecisions, and spatial data processing was carried out using ArcGIS. The results indicate that the southern regions of Sarab County, particularly the central areas, possess a high potential for landslide occurrence due to geomorphological characteristics such as steep slopes and fluvial erosion. Furthermore, tectonic factors especially the Torkmanchay earthquake have caused ground displacements ranging from -19 to -83 mm within the study area, significantly contributing to slope instability. Overlay analysis of displacement maps with landslide hazard zoning maps revealed that the highest displacements occurred in zones with high to very high landslide potential. This overlap highlights the strong interaction between tectonic and environmental factors in intensifying landslide hazards in the study area.This overlap highlights the strong interaction between tectonic and environmental factors in intensifying landslide hazards in the study area. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48351.html One of the most important indicators of development in any society is the growth rate and utilization of the capabilities and talents of the human resources of society. Women are half of the human resources of society, and their status in every society reflects the progress of that society, and the progress of countries is based on the targeted use of all human forces and talents, including women's. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to examine the role of rural women in the sustainability of the Household Biological foundations in Hamoun County. The present research method is descriptive – analytical and based on the study of documentary sources and survey studies. The statistical population includes all rural households in Hamoon County, which is equal to 12,800 households according to the statistics of 1403. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula at a 95% confidence level (T = 1.96) equal to 367 household women. Finally, for greater generalizability, 370 questionnaires were randomly selected and completed. In the next stages of the research, the data collected in the form of a questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS software, and a single-sample T-test was used to answer the research question. In the study area, the results show that the effect level in the triple dimensions, including economic dimensions (average 2/56) is below average, or below what is expected, which indicates the low impact of rural women on the economic dimensions of the household. In the social and cultural dimensions, the number are is 3/18 and 3/77 respectively, which indicates the positive and high impact of rural women in these dimensions. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48468.html Turkey, as a regional power, and Russia, as a global power, play a decisive role in the geopolitical dynamics of West Asia, the Caucasus, and their peripheries, despite their long-standing rivalries. In recent years, influenced by conflicting and aligned interests, relations between these two countries have exhibited a complex, simultaneously competitive and cooperative nature. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this study aims to analyze the behavioral patterns of both nations, evaluating the configuration of relations between these two actors based on strategic documents and geopolitical dynamics. The chronological scope of the study covers a decade-long period from the onset of the Ukraine crisis (2014) to the end of 2025, representing a complete strategic transition period. Based in neoclassical realism theory, the analysis of the findings explains how unit-level intervening variables (such as decision-makers' perceptions and domestic power structures) have moderated the structural pressures of the anarchic international system, leading to the adoption of pragmatic and expedient patterns of action. Accordingly, through the professional management of crises in Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Libya, the leaders of both countries have avoided direct confrontation while maintaining geopolitical competition, focusing instead on cooperative dimensions to secure national interests. The results of the research indicate that Russia-Turkey relations cannot be explained by traditional patterns of alliance or zero-sum confrontation. The pattern governing relations between the two countries in the period from 2014 to the end of 2025 has shifted from traditional confrontation toward "managed competition" based on a triad of conflict, competition, and cooperation. This unique pattern in today's transitioning world reflects the efforts of both countries to maintain strategic autonomy and functional management of crises, which remains anchored in elite perceptions (Putin and Erdogan) and the flexibility of the domestic power structure. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48654.html The rapid growth of rural tourism, along with the social, cultural, and environmental consequences of mass tourism, has highlighted the need to shift from purely economic approaches toward models grounded in ethics, sustainability, and accountability. Despite the expanding literature on sustainable tourism, a research gap remains in understanding the strategic drivers and future uncertainties influencing ethical tourism development, particularly in rural destinations. This study identifies and analyzes key drivers of ethical tourism development in Torqeba-Shandiz County, prioritizing them based on impact and future uncertainty. This applied-developmental research employs a descriptive-analytical method with a futures studies approach. The population consisted of 30 rural tourism experts selected through snowball sampling. Factors were identified using the PESTEL framework across local, national, and international levels. Initially, 56 factors were identified, and after expert evaluation, 18 key drivers were extracted. Results indicated that "destination ecological carrying capacity" (4.90), "integration of local economy with tourism ethics" (4.83), and "lack of policy enforcement guarantees" (4.77) are the most influential drivers. Among analytical levels, the local level, with an average impact of 4.54, plays the most significant role, while the national level, with an average uncertainty of 3.96, exhibits the greatest ambiguity and instability in realizing this model. The findings suggest that the future of ethical tourism depends not merely on environmental protection or ethical principles, but on synergy between efficient governance, local community empowerment, stakeholder accountability, ecological resilience, and policy coherence across levels. Therefore, developing ethical tourism requires a multi-level, forward-looking approach that strengthens local capacities, manages policy uncertainties, and aligns rural destinations with global standards of tourism ethics and sustainable development requirements. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48718.html Improving production cooperative performance and identifying their structural challenges is crucial for their development. Accordingly, the present study was designed and implemented with the aim of identifying, analyzing, and ranking the structural challenges affecting the performance improvement and development of production cooperatives in South Khorasan Province. This research is based on a "qualitative-quantitative" nature, an "applied" purpose, and a "descriptive-survey" method. To identify the structural challenges, 10 faculty members from the Department of Management and Social Sciences at Payam Noor University and 10 managers of production cooperatives in South Khorasan Province were selected using snowball sampling. Furthermore, to rank the identified challenges, 97 employees of the General Directorate of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare of South Khorasan Province were selected through simple random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire (using the Delphi method) was employed for data collection, whose content validity was confirmed, and its reliability was calculated as 0.97 using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, along with t-test and Friedman test. After reviewing the relevant literature and conducting surveys with professors, managers, and experts, and completing the Delphi stages, 23 factors were identified. The results indicated that challenges such as weaknesses in management and organizational structures, lack of access to appropriate financial resources, and insufficient government support had higher priority. In the prioritization of challenges, the lack of modern financing methods (15.73), low productivity and lack of access to appropriate financial resources (15.53), and the absence of government support and legal incentives (15.22) received the highest priority. These findings emphasize that focusing on resolving financial and managerial challenges, along with reforming support systems, is a vital necessity for advancing the development of production cooperatives in South Khorasan Province. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48719.html This study aimed to analyze the spatial–ecological dynamics of land use/land cover in Shush County over a 33-year period (1990–2023) using an integrated remote sensing and metaheuristic modeling framework. Landsat satellite imagery, along with spectral indices NDVI and NDBI, was employed for data extraction. A hybrid ACO–SVM algorithm was applied for land use classification, and spatial metrics were used to quantify landscape changes. The classification accuracy was validated with a Kappa coefficient of 0.94. The results indicate substantial transformations in land use patterns over the study period. Rangelands experienced a continuous decline at an annual rate of 8.74 km², while irrigated agricultural lands decreased by approximately 30% overall. In contrast, dryland agriculture expanded by 51%, and built-up areas increased by 53%. Spatial metrics analysis revealed intensified landscape fragmentation in natural ecosystems, with a pronounced reduction in mean patch size (MPS), particularly in rangelands (17.88 hectares per year). Furthermore, temporal analysis of vegetation and built-up indices showed a declining trend in NDVI and an increasing trend in NDBI, indicating vegetation degradation alongside urban expansion. These changes are primarily attributed to shifts toward rainfed cultivation systems, expansion of rural and urban settlements, and increasing pressure on water and soil resources. The ecological consequences of these transformations include biodiversity loss, accelerated soil erosion, reduced ecosystem productivity, and declining sustainability of agriculture-based livelihoods. The study highlights the necessity of integrated land management strategies, including rangeland restoration, sustainable agricultural planning, and development policies aligned with ecological carrying capacity. The proposed framework demonstrates the effectiveness of combining remote sensing, machine learning, and spatial metrics for long-term land use monitoring and environmental assessment. Keywords Spatial–ecological dynamics, Land use/land cover, ACO–SVM metaheuristic algorithm, Shush County https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48756.html Rural tourism destinations face mounting pressure on the ecological environment—the primary resource for tourism; in particular, tourists' environmentally detrimental behavior damages water, soil, vegetation, and other natural resources, thereby hindering the sustainable development of rural tourism areas.The aim of this research is to identify the key drivers influencing tourists' pro-environmental behavior. In terms of objective, the study is applied-developmental; regarding nature, it is analytical and exploratory; and it employs modern futures studies and systems modeling methods. The study's statistical population consisted of experts in the tourism sector who were familiar with the concepts of futures studies; a sample size of 30 individuals was determined based on the theoretical saturation approach and purposive sampling. This research focuses on four villages—Arast, Kandolus, Nava, and Yush—as case studies, selected from among Mazandaran Province's 15 designated tourism villages based on their nomination status for the global tourism registration list (2022). The results of the study, utilizing Micmac structural analysis, revealed that out of the 20 variables examined, seven—namely the preservation of rural architecture and natural landscapes, tourists' environmental awareness, the perceived importance of tourist participation in environmental activities, the implementation of tourism pricing policies that incorporate environmental considerations, village cleanliness and waste management, the provision of financial incentives for green tourism businesses, and the development of green, eco-friendly infrastructure—fell within the quadrant of the direct influence-dependence matrix where the level of influence exerted exceeds the level of influence received.Three variables—private sector investment in eco-friendly tourism infrastructure, government and local institutional support for environmentally compatible tourism activities, and the management of tourist influx relative to the village's tourism potential—were selected as key factors influencing the pro-environmental behavior of tourists in tourism-oriented villages of Mazandaran Province.Keywords: Pro-environmental behavior, Micmac structural analysis, tourism-oriented villages https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48805.html Migrant women’s empowerment, particularly within the specific structural context of rural environments, is a multidimensional and complex process influenced by structural, economic, social, and cultural factors. However, the empowerment model of these women and the factors shaping it in rural areas have received limited scholarly attention. Therefore, this study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical, survey-based research design to develop a model of migrant women’s empowerment in the rural areas of Mashhad County. Data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire administered to 384 Afghan migrant women residing in the rural areas of Mashhad County. Women's empowerment was examined based on Longwe's five dimensions (welfare, access, consciousness, participation, and control) and the factors influencing it were examined across five groups: individual, psychological, economic, socio-cultural, and political-institutional. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, a one-sample t-test, and structural equation modeling with SmartPLS4. The results showed that migrant women's empowerment is at a low level, and its pattern does not follow the hierarchical sequence expected within Longwe's framework; that is, without achieving adequate welfare and access, women exhibit higher levels of consciousness and control. The structural model results also showed that, after the political-institutional factor was excluded, the remaining four factors (individual, socio-cultural, psychological, and economic) had a positive and significant effect on empowerment, jointly explaining 64.7% of its variance. The individual factor had the strongest effect (path coefficient= 0.338), while the economic factor had the weakest (0.172). Accordingly, the empowerment of migrant women is a multidimensional process, and empowerment policies should simultaneously focus on enhancing education and skills, strengthening social ties, increasing psychological resources, and improving economic opportunities and social participation. https://jgrd.um.ac.ir/article_48806.html Introduction & Objective: Achieving sustainability in multi-modal public transport systems depends heavily on the precise alignment of the street network's geometric configuration with the operational layer of transit fleet distribution. Due to its heterogeneous morphology, the Mashhad metropolis faces the structural challenge of "spatial mismatch." The present study aims to quantitatively evaluate the topological adaptability of the street network with public mobility infrastructure across macro, meso, and micro scales. Methodology: This applied, descriptive-analytical research utilizes Space Syntax modeling (DepthmapX software) to extract geometric variables, including the advanced Normalized Angular Integration (NAIN) index, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to overlay operational layers. The statistical population encompasses the entire street network of Mashhad and the 800-meter pedestrian catchments of five strategic rapid transit interchange stations. Results: At the macro scale, rail corridors align strongly with axes exhibiting high "Global Choice" values. At the meso scale, applying the normalized index revealed a morphological paradox: the western planned fabric suffers from internal block isolation (structural value 8430) and car-dependency, whereas the eastern organic fabric shows high capillary entanglement (structural value 9598), possessing immense potential for micro-transit despite currently functioning as a "transit desert." At the micro scale, apart from Mellat Park station, which benefits from structural synergy (local integration 134.81), stations such as Shariati and Tabarsi experience severe "spatial friction" due to physical barriers. Conclusion: The linear, corridor-centric development of mass transit infrastructure, without improving the permeability of local fabrics, significantly distorts the efficiency of the mobility system. Enhancing system resilience requires a paradigm shift from a passive Transit-Adjacent Development (TAD) approach to Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), alongside the geometric regeneration of the first- and last-mile travel catchment.